洪泽湖水体全氟化合物的污染特征、来源及健康风险

洪泽湖是南水北调东线工程重要调蓄湖泊,为了解洪泽湖表层水中全氟和多氟烷基化合物(PFASs)的污染状况,通过超高效液相色谱串联四极杆质谱测定了湖区和入湖河流的表层水15种PFASs的含量,分析比较了不同区域水体中PFASs的浓度与组成,运用HCA法解析了不同污染来源,并应用HQ法对不同人群的健康风险进行评价.结果表明：(1)洪泽湖表层水中检出15种PFASs,ΣPFASs浓度为63.4～218.0 ng/L(中位值92.9 ng/L),健康风险较低;(2)PFASs组分以短链为主,主要污染物为PFPeA,占60.8%;(3)PFASs在洪泽湖的空间分布呈现由南向北递减的趋势,洪泽湖湖心及过水通道区的PFASs浓度较高;(4)HCA方法表明,洪泽湖表层水中PFASs主要来自地表径流、橡胶品制造、食品包装和纸类表面处理的工业排放、纺织和金属电镀工业排放和生活污水.研究显示,洪泽湖表层水中广泛存在多种PFASs,以短链为主,健康风险对居民来说可接受.     

区域性二□英筛选-确认技术研究与实践

以酶联免疫分析(EIA)方法筛选和同位素稀释、高分辨气相色谱、高分辨质谱联用(HRGC-HRMS)技术确认相结合的方式,对上海地区土壤二英水平进行了研究. 以w(二英)的区域筛选值19.0 ng/kg(以EIA-TEQ计)作为筛选标准,以文献上限值10.0 ng/kg作为确认标准,对超过筛选标准的样品进行确认,并对高于确认标准的样品进行了化学组分分析. 共筛选了包括农业土壤、林地、绿地在内的145个样品,其中高于筛选标准的样品有7个,经HRGC-HRMS确认后有3个样品高于确认标准,其w(二英)为10.2～61.2 ng/kg(以I-TEQ计). 这些样品来自工业区和垃圾焚烧厂周围. 组成模式分析结果显示,它们可能受到焚烧输入源的影响,但是否直接由潜在排放源引起还需进一步研究. 研究结果表明,相对快速和成本较低的筛选-评估体系适用于较大范围区域性二英污染的快速诊断.      

二苯碳酰二肼光度法测定水中六价铬方法的改进

对比了6种酸体系对二苯碳酰二肼光度法测量六价铬的影响,得出盐酸体系步骤简化。分析速度快,易操作。线性关系、精密度、准确度能得到保证。     

冬季东海、南黄海中DMS和DMSP浓度分布及影响因素研究

于2011年12月~2012年1月现场测定了东海、南黄海表层海水中二甲基硫(DMS)及其前体物质二甲巯基丙酸内盐(DMSP分为溶解态DMSPd和颗粒态DMSPp)的含量,研究了它们的浓度分布规律及其影响因素,并对DMSPp的粒级分布和DMS的海-气通量进行了探讨.结果表明,表层海水中DMS、DMSPd和DMSPp的浓度分别在0.58~4.14、0.37~7.86和4.29~25.76 nmol·L-1之间,平均值分别为(2.20±0.82)、(2.12±1.66)和(11.98±6.23)nmol·L-1.DMS、DMSPp与叶绿素a(Chl-a)呈现明显的正相关关系,并且它们的周日变化趋势基本一致,说明浮游植物生物量是影响研究海域内DMS和DMSP生产分布的关键因素.另外,DMSPd浓度和总细菌丰度表现出一定的负相关,这可能是在细菌释放的DMSP裂解酶的作用下DMSPd会发生裂解生成DMS.研究发现,5~20μm的微型浮游植物是海区内Chl-a和DMSPp的主要贡献者.此外,冬季东海、南黄海表层海水DMS的海-气通量在0.61~25.52μmol·(m2·d)-1之间,平均值为(8.30±5.92)μmol·(m2·d)-1.     

Compositions and sources of organic acids in fine particles (PM2.5) over the Pearl River Delta region, south China

Organic acids as important constituents of organic aerosols not only influence the aerosols' hygroscopic property, but also enhance the formation of new particles and secondary organic aerosols. This study reported organic acids including C14–C32fatty acids, C4–C9dicarboxylic acids and aromatic acids in PM2.5collected during winter 2009 at six typical urban, suburban and rural sites in the Pearl River Delta region. Averaged concentrations of C14–C32fatty acids, aromatic acids and C4– C9 dicarboxylic acids were 157, 72.5 and 50.7 ng/m3, respectively. They totally accounted for 1.7% of measured organic carbon. C20–C32fatty acids mainly deriving from higher plant wax showed the highest concentration at the upwind rural site with more vegetation around, while C14–C18fatty acids were more abundant at urban and suburban sites, and dicarboxylic acids and aromatic acids except 1,4-phthalic acid peaked at the downwind rural site. Succinic and azelaic acid were the most abundant among C4–C9dicarboxylic acids, and 1,2-phthalic and 1,4-phthalic acid were dominant aromatic acids. Dicarboxylic acids and aromatic acids exhibited significant mutual correlations except for 1,4-phthalic acid, which was probably primarily emitted from combustion of solid wastes containing polyethylene terephthalate plastics. Spatial patterns and correlations with typical source tracers suggested that C14–C32fatty acids were mainly primary while dicarboxylic and aromatic acids were largely secondary. Principal component analysis resolved six sources including biomass burning, natural higher plant wax, two mixed anthropogenic and two secondary sources; further multiple linear regression revealed their contributions to individual organic acids. It turned out that more than 70% of C14–C18fatty acids were attributed to anthropogenic sources, about 50%–85% of the C20–C32fatty acids were attributed to natural sources, 80%–95% of dicarboxylic acids and 1,2-phthalic acid were secondary in contrast with that 81% of 1,4-phthalic acid was primary.     

Beyond hypoxia：Occurrence and characteristics of black blooms due to the decomposition of the submerged plant Potamogeton crispus in a shallow lake

Organic matter-induced black blooms(hypoxia and an offensive odor) are a serious ecosystem disasters that have occurred in some large eutrophic shallow lakes in China. In this study, we investigated two separate black blooms that were induced by Potamogeton crispus in Lake Taihu, China. The main physical and chemical characteristics, including color- and odor-related substances, of the black blooms were analyzed. The black blooms were characterized by low dissolved oxygen concentration(close to 0 mg/L), low oxidation-reduction potential, and relatively low pH of overlying water. Notably higher Fe2+and∑S2-were found in the black-bloom waters than in waters not affected by black blooms. The black color of the water may be attributable to the high concentration of these elements, as black FeS was considered to be the main substance causing the black color of blooms in freshwater lakes. Volatile organic sulfur compounds, including dimethyl sulfide, dimethyl disulfide, and dimethyl trisulfide, were very abundant in the black-bloom waters. The massive anoxic degradation of dead Potamogeton crispus plants released dimethyl sulfide, dimethyl disulfide, and dimethyl trisulfide, which were the main odor-causing compounds in the black blooms. The black blooms also induced an increase in ammonium nitrogen and soluble reactive phosphorus levels in the overlying waters. This extreme phenomenon not only heavily influenced the original lake ecosystem but also greatly changed the cycling of Fe, S, and nutrients in the water column.     

构造湿地在污水处理厂二级出水后的深度处理应用研究

中国大部分污水处理厂目前均采用二级处理工艺,主要去除碳源污染物,而消解氮、磷类污染物的效果较差.在传统二级处理工艺基础上,对中水进行三级深度处理,BOD5、SS以及COD类污染物去除效果明显,但运行成本较高,处理量受限.人工构造湿地利用基质-植物-微生物复合生态系统的物理、化学和生物的三重协同作用,通过过滤、吸附与沉淀等作用,以及微生物同化分解和植物吸收转化等途径,可有效去除污水中的氮、磷、SS、有机物及重金属等污染物,且具有低投资、低运转费、低维持成本等特点.     

广东省新型POPs监测防控体系建设研究

2009年和2011年斯德哥尔摩公约新纳入的9种和1种持久性有机污染物（POPs）的研究是目前国际上环境领域研究的热点之一,所引起的环境污染和人体健康问题也逐步得到中国环保部门的关注.随着国际斯德哥尔摩公约履约活动的不断深入,中国正面临着履行公约以及削减与控制持久性有机污染物的巨大挑战.本文总结了广东省新型持久性有机污染物监测防控体系建设的必要性和意义,阐述了国内外在该领域的研究现状以及对解决新型POPs问题的作用.     

武汉市大气PM_(2.5)中有机酸的季节变化及其来源解析

经过预处理的样品用BSTFA/TMCS衍生化试剂衍生后,采用GC-MS技术对武汉市一年四季3个不同类型采样点中大气气溶胶中有机酸进行定量分析。共测定武汉市大气PM2.5中22种饱和脂肪酸(C11~C32)、油酸(C18∶1)、亚油酸(C18∶2)和8种二元羧酸(di-C2~di-C9)。3个采样点四季脂肪酸均呈现出明显的碳偶数优势,其中最丰富的物种均为棕榈酸(年均值ID:85.86 ng/m3,DT:56.43 ng/m3,BG:52.39 ng/m3)和硬脂酸(年均值ID:57.05 ng/m3,DT:32.68 ng/m3,BG:37.37 ng/m3)。同时通过C18∶1与C18∶0的比值用来判断武汉市不同季节、不同类型污染源气溶胶的老化程度。二元羧酸中最丰富的物种为草酸(年均值ID:254.62 ng/m3,DT:367.38 ng/m3,BG:235.19 ng/m3),其次为丁二酸(年均值ID:214.70 ng/m3,DT:312.44 ng/m3,BG:168.46 ng/m3)、丙二酸(年均值ID:103.45 ng/m3,DT:70.56 ng/m3,BG:44.48 ng/m3),二元羧酸总浓度呈现出明显的季节变化,表现为夏季>春季>秋季>冬季。通过di-C2与di-C3之比之来判断二次源对不同类型采样点气溶胶的贡献程度。主成分分析法结果显示化石燃料燃烧、机动车排放及光化学氧化、生物质燃烧、肉类烹饪是武汉市大气气溶胶中有机酸的主要来源。     

第十二届全国人大二次会议在京开幕李克强在政府工作报告中强调，要像对贫困宣战一样，坚决向污染宣战

3月5日,第十二届全国人民代表大会第二次会议在北京开幕,国务院总理李克强作政府工作报告,审查计划报告和预算报告。