法眼看法，见仁见智——《安全生产法》颁布五周年笔谈：安全生产法制建设的里程碑

《安全生产法》的颁布实施,标志着我国安全生产法制建设进入了一个新的阶段,具有重要的里程碑意义。这部法律颁布5年来,对于进一步依法加强安全生产管理,防止和减少安全生产事故,保障人民群众生命和财产安     

从“黑色文明”走向“绿色文明”：“建设创新型国家，建设资源节约型、环境友好型社会。”——选摘自《中国共产党章程》

“在优化结构、提高效益、降低消耗、保护环境的基础上，实现人均国民生产总值到2020年比2000年翻两番”“建设生态文明，基本形成节约能源资源和保护生态环境的产业结构、增长方式、消费模式。主要污染物排放得到有效控制，生态环境质量明显改善。生态文明观念在全社会牢固树立”“要完善有利于节约资源和保护生态环境的法律和政策，加快形成可持续发展体制机制。落实节能减排工作责任制”“相互帮助、协力推进、共同呵护人类赖以生存的地球家园”。     

Factors influencing polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and polychlorinated dibenzofuran (PCDD/F) emissions and control in major industrial sectors：Case evidence from Shandong Province, China

Analyzing determinants that influence polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and polychlorinated dibenzofuran（PCDD/F） emissions is helpful for decision-makers to find effective and efficient ways to mitigate PCDD/F emissions. The PCDD/F emissions and the contributions of the scale effect, structure effect and technology effect to emissions from eight main industrial sectors in2006, 2008 and 2010 in Shandong Province, were calculated in this article. Total PCDD/F emissions in Shandong increased by 52.8% in 2008（614.1 g I-TEQ） and 49.7% in 2010（601.8 g I-TEQ） based on 2006（401.9 g I-TEQ）. According to the decomposition method, the largest influencing factor on PCDD/F emission changes was the composition effect（contributed 43.4%in 2008 and 120.6% in 2010 based on 2006）, which was also an emission-increasing factor.In this case, the present industrial restructuring policy should be adjusted to control the proportion of production capacities with high emission factors, such as iron ore sintering and steelmaking and the secondary non-ferrous metal sector. The scale effect increased the emissions in 2008（contributed 21.9%） and decreased the emissions in 2010（contributed-28.0%）. However, as a source control measure, the excess capacity control policy indeed had a significant role in emission reduction. The main reason for the technology effect（contributed 34.7% in 2008 and 7.4% in 2010 based on 2006） having an emission-increasing role was the weakness in implementing policies for restricting industries with outdated facilities. Some specific suggestions were proposed on PCDD/F reduction for local administrators at the end.     

Scenario analysis of energy-based low-carbon development in China

China＇s increasing energy consumption and coal-dominant energy structure have contributed not only to severe environmental pollution,but also to global climate change. This article begins with a brief review of China＇s primary energy use and associated environmental problems and health risks. To analyze the potential of China＇s transition to low-carbon development,three scenarios are constructed to simulate energy demand and CO2 emission trends in China up to 2050 by using the Long-range Energy Alternatives Planning System（LEAP） model. Simulation results show that with the assumption of an average annual Gross Domestic Product（GDP） growth rate of 6.45%,total primary energy demand is expected to increase by 63.4%,48.8% and 12.2% under the Business as Usual（BaU）,Carbon Reduction（CR）and Integrated Low Carbon Economy（ILCE） scenarios in 2050 from the 2009 levels. Total energy-related CO2 emissions will increase from 6.7 billion tons in 2009 to 9.5,11,11.6 and11.2 billion tons; 8.2,9.2,9.6 and 9 billion tons; 7.1,7.4,7.2 and 6.4 billion tons in 2020,2030,2040 and 2050 under the BaU,CR and ILCE scenarios,respectively. Total CO2 emission will drop by 19.6% and 42.9% under the CR and ILCE scenarios in 2050,compared with the BaU scenario.To realize a substantial cut in energy consumption and carbon emissions,China needs to make a long-term low-carbon development strategy targeting further improvement of energy efficiency,optimization of energy structure,deployment of clean coal technology and use of market-based economic instruments like energy/carbon taxation.     

Quantifying and managing regional greenhouse gas emissions：Waste sector of Daejeon, Korea

A credible accounting of national and regional inventories for the greenhouse gas （GHG） reduction has emerged as one of the most significant current discussions. This article assessed the regional GHG emissions by three categories of the waste sector in Daejeon Metropolitan City （DMC）, Korea, examined the potential for DMC to reduce GHG emission, and discussed the methodology modified from Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and Korea national guidelines. During the last five years, DMC＇s overall GHG emissions were 239 thousand tons C02 eq./year from eleven public environmental infrastructure facilities, with a population of 1.52 million. Of the three categories, solid waste treatment/disposal contributes 68%, whilst wastewater treatment and others contribute 22% and 10% respectively. Among GHG unit emissions per ton of waste treatment, the biggest contributor was waste incineration of 694 kg CO2 eq./ton, followed by waste disposal of 483 kg CO2 eq./ton, biological treatment of solid waste of 209 kg CO2 eq./ton, wastewater treatment of 0.241 kg CO2 eq./m3, and public water supplies of 0.067 kg CO2 eq./m3. Furthermore, it is suggested that the potential in reducing GHG emissions from landfill process can be as high as 47.5% by increasing landfill gas recovery up to 50%. Therefore, it is apparent that reduction strategies for the main contributors of GHG emissions should take precedence over minor contributors and lead to the best practice for managing GHGs abatement.     

浅论工业废水的污染现状及防治措施

工业废水是我国水污染的重要污染源,本文讨论了中国工业废水排放污染现状,对重点工业废水排放行业废水特征进行了研究,并提出相应的防治措施,随着工业的迅速发展,工业废水的种类和数量不断增加,对生态环境的污染和破坏越来越严重,对人类的安全和健康造成巨大威胁。长期以来,我国工业主要具有劳动力密集型、要求标准低、资源较密集的特点。     

国内外核电厂放射性流出物排放对标分析研究

核电厂流出物的受控排放是确保环境安全的重要手段.为了全面掌握中国核电厂在运压水堆、重水堆核电机组的实际排放水平,以加拿大、法国等国外核电厂流出物排放情况为参照,对标分析中国核电厂的环境排放现状,为核电厂流出物排放安全监管提供技术支持.对标分析结果表明,中国重水堆核电机组放射性流出物的平均归一化排放量低于加拿大重水堆的排放水平.中国压水堆液态流出物中氚的归一化排放量略超过法国外,其余排放水平较为接近.     

某甲醇厂VOCs排放量核算的应用研究

应用《石化行业VOCs污染源排查工作指南》中VOCs污染源排放量的核算方法,对某甲醇厂的VOCs排放源进行排查、核算。结果表明,该甲醇厂共涉及6项VOCs排放污染源,最终全厂VOCs排放量为276.5168 t/a,其中废水集输、储存、处理处置过程VOCs排放量最高,为211.9920 t/a,占总排放量的76.7%。通过对VOCs排放量核算方法的应用研究,为甲醇生产企业寻求最佳VOCs排放量的核算方法提供了依据,并提出了改进建议。     

城市生活污水排放量的影响因子分析及关联性研究

生活污水排放系统复杂、影响因素多种多样,从其内涵出发,分析主要影响因子,共选择3大类14个影响因子,它们之间存在着严重相关性问题,为了解决多重相关性问题,引入偏最小二乘回归方法,该方法可以有效克服多重相关性,并能够实现多种数据分析方法的综合应用;而人工神经网络具有学习和记忆能力,将二者相关联,可以较好地解决非线性问题。为检验影响因子选择的合理性和方法的适用性,以郑州市为例,对生活污水排放量和影响因子进行定量分析。结果表明,主要影响因子的选择合理,拟合和预测精度均较好。