鄱阳湖湿地土壤中胡敏酸对NH_4~+-N的吸附性能研究

采用国际腐殖协会提出的Na OH提取法,从鄱阳湖湿地土壤5个剖面层提取出胡敏酸,应用红外光谱分析仪对胡敏酸进行表征,并研究其对氨氮的吸附特性。结果表明:Freundlich方程能够更好地描述胡敏酸对NH4+-N的吸附,意味着胡敏酸对NH4+-N的吸附主要表现为线性分配过程;通过吸附前后的红外光谱分析,该胡敏酸主要含有芳香环、脂肪类、羧酸类或是酚类等基团,且在NH4+-N的吸附反应过程中其主要作用可能是羧酸类物质或脂肪族类物质,且主要是通过氢键、质子转移或范德华力等弱作用吸附在胡敏酸上;在氨氮的吸附动力学实验中,得出20~30 cm剖面层的胡敏酸对NH4+-N的吸附速率相对其他4个样要快,这可能是由于该剖面层胡敏酸所含基团活性较强的原因;p H对胡敏酸吸附NH4+-N的影响为,在酸性条件下,随着p H的降低,吸附量越小,而在碱性条件下,吸附量随着p H的升高呈减小;胡敏酸浓度的增加会使氨氮的去除率上升。     

垃圾焚烧厂周边二叶恶英分布特征及健康风险评价

文章研究了垃圾焚烧厂烟道气及周边大气和土壤中二叶恶英的浓度和各污染物分布特征,其浓度水平均低于国家标准限值,说明该研究中垃圾焚烧厂的焚烧处理设备和污染控制技术符合我国焚烧烟气中二叶恶英的排放要求。大气和土壤中二叶恶英的浓度远小于烟道气中二叶恶英的浓度,说明空气扩散对废气起到了显著的稀释作用。PCA分析表明,烟道气F和大气样品A3中贡献率最大的单体为2,3,4,7,8-Pe CDF,分别占20.42%和41.05%;大气样品A4和土壤样品S3、S4中贡献率最大的单体为OCDD,分别占55.31%、70.46%和55.67%。上风向土壤、下风向空气和土壤受焚烧厂影响显著。通过健康风险评价,垃圾焚烧场周围成人及儿童每天的PCDD/PCDFs风险在安全水平线内,但儿童的呼吸暴露量高于成人,表明儿童在环境中更易受到二叶恶英的威胁。     

乌江水库水体中有机胶粒的三维荧光特征研究

超滤与三维荧光光谱的结合可以表征不同类型荧光物质相对分子量的分布规律,揭示它们的来源以及组分差异.本项研究用截留相对分子量为1 000和10 000的再生纤维素超滤膜,对乌江水库不同深度水体中的溶解有机质进行了分离,利用三维荧光光谱表征了3种不同相对分子量组分中发荧光有机质的光谱特征.结果表明:荧光物质主要存在于真溶液(＜1 000)中.水体在丰水期和枯水期的荧光峰存在差异.丰水期主要存在4种类型的荧光峰:类富里酸荧光A峰和C峰,类蛋白荧光峰B峰和D峰.枯水期则只表现出3种类型的荧光峰,类富里酸荧光峰C不明显,原因可能是此时水库处于蓄水状态,内部生物活动作用显著,产生的类蛋白荧光物质强度较大从而掩盖峰C的强度.然而72 m以下由于厌氧还原条件的出现,沉积物向水体释放了溶解有机质组分,原本强度被掩盖的荧光峰C明显出现在1 000～10 000组分中.     

孔隙水中硫酸根和甲烷的拉曼定量分析可行性研究

海洋沉积物孔隙水是研究海洋环境、地质与生物地球化学问题的重要信息载体,传统岸上分析手段难以获得高保真的孔隙水地球化学参数。拉曼光谱作为一种非侵入、非破坏、同时也是无试剂消耗的测试技术,可在极端环境下进行固体、液体、气体分子原位识别,使其成为海底地球化学分析的有力工具。该研究针对孔隙水中的重要地化成分——SO42-、CH4的拉曼光谱定量分析可行性进行了实验室研究,结果显示,基于内标定法的拉曼光谱定量分析技术可以用于SO42-、CH4水溶液浓度的定量分析,并具有良好的精度和较低的检出限,可以用于原位定量分析海洋沉积物孔隙水中的甲烷与硫酸根浓度。为获取海洋沉积物孔隙水的高保真数据提供了新的技术参考。     

细菌JF901704菌株对铊的吸附特性研究

从某含铊废水中筛选出一株耐铊细菌(菌株序列登陆号:JF901704)菌株,研究了溶液初始浓度、吸附时间、pH值、温度、摇床转速及菌体生物量对铊的吸附效果影响,结果表明,JF901704菌株在铊初始质量浓度20 mg/L,吸附时间60 min,pH值7.0,温度30℃,摇床转速150 r/min,生物量1.0 g/L时,吸附效果最佳,在该条件下,JF901704菌株对铊的吸附率可达89.05%;红外光谱分析结果表明,该菌株细胞壁中的羧基、亚氨基及羟基对铊吸附起主要贡献的官能团。     

红外光谱对土壤类PM2.5颗粒的研究

利用红外光谱和扫描电镜对93#和97#汽油燃烧产物、不同地段的土壤颗粒做了详细的表征。结果表明,97#汽油的燃烧产物含有的有害物质要明显少于93#汽油的燃烧产物;客运站表层土壤颗粒粒径明显小于新鲜土壤;汽油燃烧产物和新鲜土壤混合产物的成分与客运站表层土壤成分接近,说明土壤与汽油的燃烧产物发生了某种相互作用。在离客运站2 km以外测定的浮土成分与客运站表层的土壤成分相同,说明土壤类PM2.5颗粒可以随空气流动。     

闽江河口短叶茳芏沼泽湿地沉积物磷的赋存形态和空间分布

对闽江河口区不同盐度短叶茳芏沼泽湿地沉积物中磷的赋存形态和分布特征进行了研究,探讨了河口沉积物中磷的来源及其影响因子.结果表明:1闽江河口湿地沉积物全磷(TP)含量介于607.91~807.60 mg·kg-1,平均值为726.29 mg·kg-1;有机磷(OP)含量介于120.44~166.63 mg·kg-1,平均值为139.43 mg·kg-1,约占TP的18.93%;无机磷(IP)含量介于479.65~647.56 mg·kg-1,平均值为586.86 mg·kg-1,约占TP的81.07%,IP是磷的主要赋存形态.2IP中,赋存形态以闭蓄态磷(O-P)和铁结合态磷(Fe-P)为主,分别占IP的39.97%和32.92%;其次是钙结合态磷(Ca-P)和铝结合态磷(Al-P),分别占IP的17.89%、9.22%.3在空间分布上,TP、OP、IP含量在由海向陆方向整体呈先降低后递增趋势;IP不同赋存形态在空间上也整体上呈现出以上趋势;垂直方向上,总体都表现为随土层深度波动降低,这在一定程度上反映了近年来河口湿地环境污染的加剧.4磷的赋存形态和空间分布特征是电导率、pH、容重、含水率和粒度等多因子综合作用的结果.     

Removal of arsenate with hydrous ferric oxide coprecipitation：Effect of humic acid

Insights from the adverse effect of humic acid(HA) on arsenate removal with hydrous ferric oxide(HFO) coprecipitation can further our understanding of the fate of As(V) in water treatment process. The motivation of our study is to explore the competitive adsorption mechanisms of humic acid and As(V) on HFO on the molecular scale. Multiple complementary techniques were used including macroscopic adsorption experiments, surface enhanced Raman scattering(SERS), extended X-ray absorption fine structure(EXAFS) spectroscopy, flow-cell attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared(ATR-FTIR) measurement, and charge distribution multisite complexation(CDMUSIC) modeling. The As(V) removal efficiency was reduced from over 95% to about 10% with the increasing HA concentration to 25 times of As(V) mass concentration. The SERS analysis excluded the HA-As(V) complex formation. The EXAFS results indicate that As(V) formed bidentate binuclear surface complexes in the presence of HA as evidenced by an As-Fe distance of 3.26–3.31 ?. The in situ ATR-FTIR measurements show that As(V) replaces surface hydroxyl groups and forms innersphere complex. High concentrations of HA may physically block the surface sites and inhibit the As(V) access. The adsorption of As(V) and HA decreased the point of zero charge of HFO from 7.8 to 5.8 and 6.3, respectively. The CD-MUSIC model described the zeta potential curves and adsorption edges of As(V) and HA reasonably well.     

Graphene-supported nanoscale zero-valent iron：Removal of phosphorus from aqueous solution and mechanistic study

Excess phosphorus from non-point pollution sources is one of the key factors causing eutrophication in many lakes in China,so finding a cost-effective method to remove phosphorus from non-point pollution sources is very important for the health of the aqueous environment. Graphene was selected to support nanoscale zero-valent iron(nZVI)for phosphorus removal from synthetic rainwater runoff in this article. Compared with nZVI supported on other porous materials,graphene-supported nZVI(G-nZVI) could remove phosphorus more efficiently. The amount of nZVI in G-nZVI was an important factor in the removal of phosphorus by G-nZVI,and G-nZVI with 20 wt.% nZVI(20% G-nZVI)could remove phosphorus most efficiently. The nZVI was very stable and could disperse very well on graphene,as characterized by transmission electron microscopy(TEM) and scanning electron microscopy(SEM). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS),Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR) and Raman spectroscopy were used to elucidate the reaction process,and the results indicated that Fe-O-P was formed after phosphorus was adsorbed by G-nZVI. The results obtained from X-ray diffraction(XRD) indicated that the reaction product between nZVI supported on graphene and phosphorus was Fe3(PO4)2·8H2O(Vivianite). It was confirmed that the specific reaction mechanism for the removal of phosphorus with nZVI or G-nZVI was mainly due to chemical reaction between nZVI and phosphorus.     

气相中乙酸乙酯光解的光子效率:波长和催化剂的影响

采用4种不同波长的准分子光源(Xe Cl*、Kr Cl*、Xe Br*和Kr Br*)降解气相的乙酸乙酯.对比了外加3种负载型光催化剂(有机膜负载Ti O2、有机膜负载石墨烯和纱网负载Ti O2)条件下乙酸乙酯的去除率,考察了光源类型、辐射功率和气体初始浓度对去除率的影响.同时,测定了不同光源的辐射光谱和辐射功率,计算了不同反应条件下的光子效率.结果表明,乙酸乙酯去除率按Kr Br*Kr Cl*Xe Cl*Xe Br*依次降低,而Xe Cl*和Kr Br*光源降解乙酸乙酯气体可以得到较高的光子效率;有机膜负载Ti O2比不加催化剂时乙酸乙酯去除率和光子效率都有所提高,但提高幅度不大.气体流速和乙酸乙酯初始浓度升高,光子效率升高.采用Kr Br*准分子灯直接光解乙酸乙酯,实验条件为:辐射功率0.76 W,乙酸乙酯初始浓度946mg·m-3,气体流速600 m L·min-1,光子效率为5.63%.