乙烯菌核利在水溶液中的光解动力学

以高压汞灯和太阳光为光源，研究乙烯菌核利在重蒸水、自来水、湖水及pH缓冲液中的光解动力学。高压汞灯下，乙烯菌核利在重蒸水中的光解半衰期约为28min，而在太阳光下为3．86h。自来水和湖水中溶解性物质对乙烯菌核利在高压汞灯下的光解动力学仅有微弱的淬灭效应，但在太阳光下表现出显著的敏化效应，照光3h的敏化效率分别为138％和126％。2种光源下，pH5．0和pH7．0缓冲液对乙烯菌核利的光解均表现为光淬灭效应，高压汞灯照光60min的淬灭效率分别为69％和57％，太阳光照光7h的淬灭效率分别为77％和33％；pH9．0缓冲液则表现出显著的敏化效应，高压汞灯照光20min的敏化效率为58％，而太阳光照光1h的敏化效率则达到了415％。     

浊度对苦草(Vallisneria natans)幼苗生长的影响

用粒径小于100μm的泥沙分别配置浊度为30、60和90NTU的浑浊水体,将苦草(Vallisneria natans)幼苗种植于上述水体中,测定幼苗的叶片长和叶片数,并利用水下饱和脉冲荧光仪(DIVING-PAM)测定幼苗的光合荧光特性,研究在不同浊度水体中水下光强对苦草幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,随着处理时间的延长和水体浊度的增大,苦草幼苗生长受到明显的影响。第30天时,在60和90NTU水体中,水下光强不足自然光强的4.5%,幼苗叶片出现发黄、折断现象,相对电子传递速率和饱和光强显著降低,非光化学淬灭系数显著升高,表明幼苗光合作用受到明显抑制。在对照水体中,水下的光强为水面光强的43.3%以上,苦草幼苗也受到抑制;而在水下光强≥7.1%的30NTU水体中,苦草幼苗有较高的光能利用率,幼苗生长较好。这表明苦草幼苗有一定的低光适应能力,光强范围大约是7.1%～43.3%,为在浑浊水体中恢复、重建苦草种群提供了一定的实验依据。     

关于环境水质样品保存方法的讨论

本文对环境水质样品三个来源的保存方法进行了简要讨论，并提出了一些建议．     

铬污染土壤中六价铬的测定

研究了土壤中Ｃｒ＾６＋的提取测定方法。结果表明，用０．４ｍｏｌ／Ｌ ＫＣｌ为提取剂，离心分离提取液，可简单，快速，准确地测定土壤中Ｃｒ＾６＋，所建立的方法适用于北方偏碱性土壤。     

几种化学浸提剂对底泥重金属生物有效部分浸提效果的比较

采用微生态系统生物长期暴露试验,比较５种化学浸提剂对底泥重金属生物有部分的浸提效果。结果表明,０．００５ｍｏｌ／ＬＤＴＰＡ＋０．１ｍｏｌ／Ｌ ＴＥＡ＋０．０１ｍｏＬ ＣａＣｌ２,ｐＨ７．３０是一种适合于食腐屑底栖动物的底泥重金属生物有效部分浸提剂;而０．００５ｍｏｌ／ＬＤＴＰＡ＋１ｍｏｌ／Ｌ ＮＨ４ＨＣＯ３．ｐＨ７．６８则一种适合于滤食性动物和水生根系植物底泥重金属生物有效部分浸提剂。     

铬渣作水泥矿化剂的经济及环境效应分析

铬渣的处理利用一直是铬盐行业和固体污染物处理的难点，本文介绍了用铬渣作水泥矿化剂处理铬渣这种新方法的原理，并进行了经济和环境效应分析，结果表明用铬渣作水泥矿化剂确实是一种很好的处理铬渣的方法。     

光离子检测器测定大气中溴甲烷

用Ｔｅｎａｘ作为吸附剂捕集大气中的痕量溴甲烷,用气相色谱法和光离子检测器,对其进行检测,相对偏差为０．０５２１,最小检测限为１０ｐｇ。室内外大气中的浓度分别为２４×１０（－１２）（Ｖ／Ｖ）和７７．４×１０（－１２）（Ｖ／Ｖ）,污染在１０（－１１）（Ｖ／Ｖ）水平。     

膜电容去离子电极中导电剂类型及掺杂比对脱盐性能的影响

导电剂种类及其添加量是影响膜电容去离子（MCDI）脱盐性能的重要因素.以活性炭为活性吸附材料,分别选取石墨、碳纳米管和炭黑作为导电剂制备电极,深入探究了3种导电剂及其掺杂量对MCDI脱盐性能的影响.实验结果表明,掺杂适量炭黑和碳纳米管能显著提升电极的吸附容量、脱盐速度及降低脱盐能耗.活性炭与炭黑质量比为8∶1时,电极吸附容量可达15.84 mg·g^-1,比不掺加炭黑时提高了1.15倍;活性碳与碳纳米管质量比为57.6∶1时,电极吸附容量可达12.62 mg·g^-1;但掺杂石墨的活性炭基电极在提升吸附容量、降低能耗上都没有明显变化.动力学拟合结果表明,本研究中掺杂石墨、碳纳米管及炭黑的活性炭基电极材料脱盐过程均符合准二级动力学方程.     

某型固体云爆剂加速老化试验与贮存寿命预测研究

对某型云爆剂老化前后的结构形貌、元素质量分数、热分解性能变化进行了研究,结果表明,固体云爆剂老化后结构并未被破坏;C,F元素质量分数升高,N,O元素质量分数下降;老化前后热分解曲线变化不大,但在100～200℃之间有一定变化.根据所测数据的变化,采用贝瑟洛特法和火工品71℃法预测了样品在20℃下的贮存寿命.     

Impact of some chlorinated pesticides on the haematology of the fish Cyprinus carpio and Puntius ticto

The effects of pesticides on blood characteristics and histological changes in erythrocytes of the fish species Cyprinus carpio and Puntius ticto were studied. The fishes were exposed to sub lethal concentrations of different chlorinated pesticides namely aldrin, dieldrin, DDT, BHC and chlordane for 10, 20 and 30 d in continuous flow-through test. The LCso values were calculated based on acute toxicity tests and the sublethal doses were arrived at for chronic bioassay studies. Results showed an increase in haemoglobin content of both Cyprinus carpio and Puntius ticto in case of aldrin and dieldrin. Haemoglobin content reduced from an initial 13 g/100 ml to 8.07 and 10.15 g/100 ml in case of Cyprinus at the end of ten days exposure to aldrin and dieldrin respectively, and gradually increased to 8.7 g/100 ml and 10.15 g/100 ml after 20 d of exposure. The haemoglobin content after 30 d exposure to aldrin and dieldrin was 10.15 g/100 ml and 11.6 g/100 ml respectively. In case of Puntius ticto, the haemoglobin content in control fishes recorded was 12.8 g/100 ml while in case of fish exposed to aldrin, the haemoglobin content reduced initially on ten days exposure to 10.15 g/100 ml and increased to 11.6 g/100 ml and 13.0 g/100 ml during twenty days and thirty days exposure respectively. This trend was also observed with dieldrin in both the fishes studied. Red blood cells were also counted in case of all the pesticides and exposure periods with respect to Cyprinus carpio and Puntius ticto. Irrespective of the species and pesticide, the RBC counts uniformly showed decreasing trend with the increase in exposure period, while packed cell volume, PCV(%) showed increasing trend with respect to increase in exposure period in case of aldrin and dieldrin in both the fishes. But DDT, BHC and chlordane showed decreasing trend in PCV(%) values with increasing periods of exposure.