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151.
The mechanism of flow turbulence,sediment supply conditions,and sediment transport patterns that affect the adsorption of cadmiumions onto sediment particles in natural waters are experimentally simulated and studied both in batch reactors and in a turbulencesimulation tank.By changing the agitation conditions,the sediment transport in batch reactors can be categorized into bottom sediment-dominated sediment and suspended sediment-dominated sediment.It is found that the adsorption rate of bottom sediment is much lessthan that of suspended sediment,but the sediment transport pattern does not affect the final(equilibrium)concentration of dissolvedcadmium.This result indicates that the parameters of an adsorption isotherm are the same regardless of the sediment transport pattern.Inthe turbulence simulation tank,the turbulence is generated by harmonic grid-stirred motions,and the turbulence intensity is quantifiedin terms of eddy diffusivity,which is equal to 9.84F(F is the harmonic vibration frequency)and is comparable to natural surfacewater conditions.When the turbulence intensity of flow is low and sediment particles stay as bottom sediment,the adsorption rateis significantly low,and the adsorption quantity compared with that of suspended sediment is negligible in the 6 h duration of theexperiment.This result greatly favors the simplification of the numerical modeling of heavy metal pollutant transformation in naturalrivers.When the turbulence intensity is high but bottom sediment persists,the rate and extent of descent of the dissolved cadmiumconcentration in the tank noticeably increase,and the time that is required to reach adsorption equilibrium also increases considerablydue to the continuous exchange that occurs between the suspended sediment and the bottom sediment.A comparison of the results ofthe experiments in the batch reactor and those in the turbulence simulation tank reveals that the adsorption ability of the sediment,andin particular the adsorption rate,is greatly over-estimated in the batch reactor. 相似文献
152.
纳米材料对斑马鱼的氧化损伤及应激效应研究 总被引:8,自引:1,他引:7
以斑马鱼(Daniorerio)为受试动物,研究了纳米及常规TiO2、ZnO悬浮液对其鳃、消化道及肝脏的氧化损伤及应激效应,同时对纳米及常规TiO2、ZnO悬浮液中的颗粒形貌特征及·OH生成量进行了测定.结果发现,虽然纳米TiO2、ZnO颗粒与其常规颗粒在溶液中的粒径分布接近,但50mg/L纳米TiO2、ZnO悬浮液中·OH产生量(96h光照下,分别为2.17mmol/L、0.72mmol/L)远远高于50mg/L常规颗粒(未检测到).50mg/L纳米TiO2处理下,斑马鱼肝脏中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)、蛋白质羰基含量分别为对照的70.2%、65.4%、53%、178.1%;消化道中SOD活性及GSH、丙二醛(MDA)含量分别为对照的149.6%、212.9%、217.2%;鳃中MDA含量为对照的160.9%.而50mg/L常规TiO2悬浮液对斑马鱼没有产生毒理效应.5mg/L纳米及常规ZnO对斑马鱼肝脏的氧化伤害最强,其中5mg/L纳米ZnO处理组中SOD、CAT活性及GSH、MDA含量分别为对照的62.9%、53.1%、45.2%、204.2%,5mg/L常规ZnO处理组中SOD、CAT活性及GSH、MDA含量分别为对照组48.3%、51.8%、34.6%、289.6%;虽然斑马鱼鳃及消化道也受到明显氧化应激效应(p0.05),但并没有受到氧化损伤.研究表明,团聚作用对不同化学组成纳米颗粒的毒性影响程度不同;且不同化学组成纳米颗粒在生物体内可能通过不同机制产生了不同种类的ROS,从而对不同细胞组分产生的氧化损伤及应激效应是其重要的毒理机制. 相似文献
153.
壳聚糖络合-超滤耦合过程去除溶液中铅离子的研究 总被引:3,自引:2,他引:1
采用聚醚砜超滤膜,以壳聚糖为络合剂络合-超滤去除溶液中Pb2+,考察了溶液pH值、Pb2+/壳聚糖装载量比、离子强度和Ca2+各因素对Pb2+截留率的影响,同时研究了超滤浓缩时间对Pb2+截留率及膜通量的影响.结果表明,溶液pH是决定络合-超滤耦合过程能否进行的关键因素;在pH为6.0, Pb2+/壳聚糖装载量比为0.25时,络合-超滤耦合过程对溶液中Pb2+的截留率达99%以上.溶液离子强度和Ca2+的增加均不利于络合-超滤耦合过程对Pb2+的去除.对浓缩的壳聚糖-铅溶液酸化解络之后,进一步采用全过滤过程回收壳聚糖.回收后的壳聚糖重新用于络合-超滤耦合过程去除溶液中Pb2+,此时对Pb2+的去除率为96.2%,与新鲜的壳聚糖没有明显差别.研究结果显示采用壳聚糖络合-超滤耦合过程能有效去除溶液中铅离子,同时实现壳聚糖的有效回收. 相似文献
154.
155.
156.
在长期运行的序批式生物反应器(SBR)中,考察了以葡萄糖和2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸(2,4-D)为混合碳源培养的好氧颗粒污泥在转换为2,4-D唯一碳源废水后,其形态、结构及对目标污染物去除功能的变化.结果表明,基质转换为2,4-D单一碳源后,好氧颗粒污泥仍保持了对目标污染物高效的去除能力.当进水2,4-D浓度为361~564mg/L,其去除率为99.2%~100%,COD平均去除率达到85.6%.混合碳源向2,4-D单一碳源转换对原好氧颗粒结构产生一定破坏作用,使其发生部分解体,粒径由513μm下降到302μm.但好氧颗粒污泥良好的耐负荷冲击使其保持了颗粒主体,通过一段时间适应调整后能够重新聚集生长,最终获得能够利用2,4-D为唯一碳源生长并具有良好沉降性(SVI20~40mL/g)的好氧颗粒污泥,粒径为489μm.扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察结果表明,混合碳源转向单一碳源使好氧颗粒生物相丰富度降低. 相似文献
157.
Chih Ming M Ya Wen Lee Gui Bing Hong Te Li Su Je Lueng Shie Chang Tang Chang 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2011,23(4):687-692
TiO2 nanoparticles, doped with di erent Pt contents, were prepared by a modified photodeposition method using Degussa P-25 TiO2,
H2PtCl6 6H2O and methanol as the solvents. The physicochemical properties of Pt/TiO2 were investigated by the nitrogen adsorption
and desorption isotherm measurement technique, X-ray di raction analysis and photoluminescence spectra, respectively. Reaction rates
from photocatalytic removal of dichloromethane over Degussa P-25 TiO2 and Pt/TiO2 were evaluated. The average diameter and BET
surface area of the TiO2 catalyst particles were 300 nm and 50 m2/g, respectively. The degradation e ciency was 99.0%, 82.7%, 55.2%,
and 57.9% with TiO2 at inlet concentrations of 50, 100, 200, and 300 ppm, respectively. And the degradation e ciency was 99.3%,
79.7%, 76.5%, and 73.4% with a 0.005 wt.% Pt/TiO2 at inlet concentrations of 50, 100, 200, and 300 ppm, respectively. In addition, we
found that the photoluminescence emission peak intensities decreased with increases in the doping amount of Pt, which indicates that
the irradiative recombination was weakened. Furthermore, the results showed that the UV/0.005 wt.% Pt/TiO2 process was capable of
e ciently decomposing gaseous DCM in air. 相似文献
158.
Effect of anaerobic digestion on the high rate of nitritation, treating piggery wastewater 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Laboratory reactors were operated by using piggery wastewater and the effluent of anaerobic digester from piggery wastewater plants to study the effect of anaerobic digestion on nitritation rate. 相似文献
159.
160.