淮南潘一矿塌陷水域沉积物中磷的赋存和迁移转化特征

采用改进的Pesnner分级提取方法,选取淮南潘一矿杨庄塌陷水域为研究对象,对其沉积物磷的剖面赋存形态进行分析,并结合磷的形态组成、有机质(OM)、总氮(TN)和铁锰氧化物等分布特征,研究了塌陷水域沉积物中磷的迁移转化特征.结果表明,在淹水农业耕作层上,湖泊沉积相累积明显,自表层而下,各形态磷含量均呈逐渐减少的趋势,总磷(TP)在各层次均值为204.9~343.7mg/kg,其中以无机磷(IP)为主,其含量为163.9~257.2mg/kg,占TP比例达73.3%~81.5%.NaOH-P(85.0~100.1mg/kg,28.6%~41.3%)和HCl-P (63.6~95.9mg/kg,27.4%~30.9%)所占比例较大.根据相关性结果分析,部分HCl-P和有机磷(OP)有向NaOH-P转化的趋势.     

外源铅铜镉在长三角和珠三角农业土壤中的转化

选择了我国经济发达地区的长江三角洲和珠江三角洲10个代表性农业土壤，采用室内培养和化学分级方法研究了加入外源铅、铜、镉在土壤中的动态变化及转化趋势，探讨了碳酸钙、粉煤灰、猪粪和钢渣等土壤改良剂对土壤重金属形态的影响。结果表明，随着土壤重金属负荷的提高，土壤中交换态重金属的比例增大，残余态比例下降，有效性提高，对环境威胁增大。当重金属加入最较低时，重金属优先向氧化物结合态、有机质结合态转化；而当加入最较高时，向交换态和碳酸盐结合态转化的比例明皿增加。pH和土壤组分对重金属在土壤中的转化有显著的影响，土壤pH下降可使交换态Cd、Cu、Pb的比例递增。加入碳酸钙、粉煤灰、猪粪和钢渣等改良剂可显著地降低土壤中交换态重金属比例，增加其它形态的重金属比例。     

Abundance and distribution of ammonia-oxidizing archaea in Tibetan and Yunnan plateau agricultural soils of China

As low oxygen and high ultraviolet （UV） exposure might significantly affect the microbial existence in plateau, it could lead to a specialized microbial community. To determine the abundance and distribution of ammonia-oxidizing archaea （AOA） in agricultural soil of plateau, seven soil samples were collected respectively from farmlands in Tibet and Yunnan cultivating the wheat, highland-barley, and colza, which are located at altitudes of 3200-3800 m above sea level. Quantitative PCR （q-PCR） and clone library targeting on amoA gene were used to quantify the abundances of AOA and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria （AOB）, and characterize the community structures of AOA in the samples. The number of AOA cells （9.34 × 10^7-2.32× 10^8 g^-1 soil） was 3.86-21.84 times greater than that of AOB cells （6.91 × 10^6-1.24 × 10^8 g^-1 soil） in most of the samples, except a soil sample cultivating highland- barley with an AOA/AOB ratio of 0.90. Based Kendall＇s correlation coefficient, no remarkable correlation between AOA abundance and the environmental factor was observed. Additionally, the diversities of AOA community were affected by total nitrogen and organic matter concentration in soils, suggesting that AOA was probably sensitive to several environmental factors, and could adjust its community structure to adapt to the environmental variation while maintaining its abundance.     

珠江三角洲典型城市农业土壤及蔬菜中的多环芳烃分布

2003年5月采集佛山顺德区8个乡镇36个土壤以及29个蔬菜样品,采用气相色谱.质谱仪对其中的16种优先控制多环芳烃(PAH.)进行分析.结果显示,蔬菜中PAHs的平均含量为183.0μg·kg-1,蔬菜中主要的PAHs为低分子量的菲、蒽、(屈)、芘.萘;不同种类蔬菜间PAHs含量差异很大,叶菜类较瓜果、豆荚类蔬菜中的PAHs含量高,这主要取决于蔬菜种类间不同的生长结构特征.蔬菜中PAHs含量与土壤中PAHs含量不相关,蔬菜中的PAHs含量与PAHs的辛醇/水分配系数(10gKow)大小密切相关.土壤中PAHs平均含量为233.0μg·kg-1土壤中主要的PAHs是菲、荧蒽、芘、(屈)、苯并[b]荧蒽,多数土壤中PAHs含量高于蔬菜中PAHs含量.土壤、蔬菜中分别以4环、2-3环PAHs占优势.     

超声提取-气相色谱法测定土壤中的多种有机氯农药残留

有机氯农药是一类高毒性、难分解、易残留的化合物,环境样品中有机氯农药残留量在一定程度上直接或间接反映了土壤、水体、植物的农药污染水平.在20世纪80年代我国已禁用有机氯农药,但许多农业土壤中仍有大量残留,严重影响农产品的质量,所以测定土壤中有机氯农药的残留量,对发展我国的绿色农业、有机农业具有重要的意义.     

典型设施农业土壤酞酸酯污染特征及其健康风险

采用超声提取、气相色谱-质谱技术和CalTOX模型,分析了南京城郊典型设施菜地土壤中6种酞酸酯的污染特征、污染负荷及其健康风险.结果表明,所有的土壤样品中均检测出酞酸酯,6种酞酸酯的总量为0.15~9.68mg/kg,其平均含量为2.21mg/kg;邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DnBP)、邻苯二甲酸(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)和邻苯二甲酸二辛酯(DnOP)为该地区设施农业土壤的主要酞酸酯种类,其检出率分别为88.2%、100%和79.8%,含量范围分别在n.d.~1.83、0.02~9.03、n.d.~1.74mg/kg之间;土壤pH值和有机碳含量与土壤酞酸酯含量之间无显著相关性,研究区域土壤酞酸酯总体污染负荷为4.31kg/hm2;健康风险评价结果表明DnBP和DEHP的潜在健康风险较高,设施农业从业者的主要暴露途径通过皮肤接触;设施菜地土壤酞酸酯含量、污染负荷以及健康风险均显著高于周边地区露天菜地土壤.     

东莞市农业土壤和蔬菜砷含量及其健康风险分析

研究系统采集了东莞市118个农业土壤样品和43个蔬菜样品进行砷含量分析,研究了土壤和蔬菜砷含量及其健康风险。研究发现,东莞市农业土壤砷含量变化范围0.40～28.87mg/kg,平均值12.95mg/kg,远高于东莞市背景值,其中62%的样品砷含量超过国家一级标准限定值,砷含量的变异系数为53.28%,变异程度较大。东莞市各区域土壤砷空间分布不均匀,土壤砷含量平均值大小排序如下:西部平原区环境保护区中部过渡区东南丘陵区。土壤砷主要来源于成土母质,化石燃料燃烧、农药、化肥(磷肥)等工农业活动的输入也不容忽视。东莞市蔬菜砷含量超标比较严重,蔬菜砷对东莞市部分人群存在一定的健康风险。     

东莞市农业土壤和蔬菜铅含量特征分析

重金属元素铅的危害已经引起人们的广泛关注。为了解东莞市农业土壤和蔬菜铅污染的状况,选取了该市118个农业土壤样品和43个蔬菜样品进行铅含量分析。研究发现,东莞市农业土壤铅含量普遍较高,92.4%的样点铅含量超过国家土壤环境质量一级标准,79.7%的样点铅含量高于东莞市背景值,且变异程度较大,土壤铅含量最大值(140.58mg/kg)为最小值(20.36mg/kg)的7倍。各区域农业土壤铅污染程度各异,依据土壤铅含量高低可作如下排序:西部平原区中部过渡区东南丘陵区环境保护区。根据分析,东莞市土壤铅的污染源主要为工业企业"三废"的排放、含铅农药和肥料的大量使用、汽车尾气的排放和大气沉降等。东莞市蔬菜铅含量超标比较严重,特别是油麦菜和生菜,超标率分别达到42.86%和37.5%。不同品种蔬菜对土壤铅的富集能力不同,富集能力顺序依次为:生菜菠菜芥菜、油麦菜、白菜菜心、芹菜。     

黑炭降解和氧化的温度敏感性

惰性土壤碳库的分解(矿化和碳损失的同义词)对温度的敏感性仍存争论.大量研究表明,由于气候变暖,相对于新发育的和易分解的土壤有机碳库,稳定的土壤有机碳温度敏感性持续增强.相反地,Liski等人认为惰性土壤有机碳库分解的温度敏感性弱于易分解的土壤有机碳库,Giardina和Ryan更是认为森林矿化土壤中的有机碳的分解不受温度升高的影响.     

Spatial and temporal variation of nitrogen exported by runo from sandy agricultural soils

The eutrophication problem has drawn attention to nutrient leaching from agricultural soils, and an understanding of spatial and temporal variability is needed to develop decision-making tools. Thus, eleven sites were selected to monitor, over a two-year period, spatial and temporal variation of runoff discharge and various forms of N in surface runoff in sandy agricultural soils. Factors influencing the variation of runoff discharge and various forms of N in surface runoff were analyzed. Variation of annual rainfall was small among 11 sites, especially between 2001 and 2002. However, variation of annual discharge was significant among the sites. The results suggest that rainfall patterns and land use had significant effect on discharge. The concentrations of total N, total kjeldahl N （TKN）, organic matter-associated N （OM-N）, NO3- -N, and NHn＋-N in the runoff ranged widely from 0.25 to 54.1, 0.15 to 20.3, 0.00 to 14.6, 0.00 to 45.3, and 0.00 to 19.7 mg/L, respectively. Spatial and temporal variations in the N concentration and runoff discharge were noted among the different sites. Annual loads of N in the runoff varied widely among monitoring sites and depend mainly on runoff discharge. High loads of total N, OM-N, NO3--N, and NHn＋-N in the runoff either in citrus groves or on vegetable farms occurred from June to October for each year, which coincided with the rainy season in the region. This study found that N in surface runoff was related to rainfall intensity, soil N level, and fertilizer use.