多元复合调理剂对镉砷污染农田土壤微生物群落结构的影响

通过温室盆栽试验,研究多元复合调理剂（石灰石、铁粉、硅肥和钙镁磷肥,简称LISP）对土壤基本理化性质、Cd和As的生物有效性和微生物群落结构的影响.结果表明,LISP可改变土壤基本理化性质,降低土壤有效态Cd和As含量,并改变土壤微生物群落结构.在0.4%的LISP添加下,土壤pH值、有效磷和总磷含量较CK处理分别显著（P< 0.05）提高0.57单位、130.6%和18.38%,同时土壤有效态Cd和As含量较对照分别显著（P< 0.05）降低21.76%和16.39%.高通量测序结果表明,添加LISP可维持污染土壤中正常微生物群落的多样性和丰富度,而显著改变土壤微生物群落的组成和结构,其中厚壁菌门、放线菌门和浮霉菌门等门水平物种的相对丰度增加,而绿弯菌门、酸杆菌门和疣微菌门等门水平物种的相对丰度降低.冗余分析和Mantel检验分析表明,土壤pH值、有效磷以及有效态Cd和As含量是影响土壤微生物群落结构的主要环境因子.上述结果表明,LISP是一种有效的、生态安全的调理剂用于农田土壤Cd和As污染土壤修复.     

Quantity and activity of ammonia-oxidizing archaea and bacteria and their contribution to ammonia oxidation in farmland soil of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau北大核心CSCD

Ammonia oxidation, the first and rate-limiting step of nitrification, is mainly performed by ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB). However, the activities of AOA and AOB in soil and their relative contribution to ammonia oxidation are unclear, and whether there is a significant correlation between the quantity of AOA and AOB and the ammonia oxidation rate is also controversial. In this study, quantitative PCR combined with acetylene (C2H2) and 1-octyne inhibition methods were used to determine the quantity and activity of AOA and AOB in wheat, highland barley, and oilseed rape soils in Nyingchi, Lhatse, Sangzhuzi, and Sangri counties on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The results showed that the quantity of AOB ((2.34 ± 0.84) ×105 - (2.65 ± 1.07) ×106 copies g-1 dry soil) was significantly higher than that of AOA ((0.20 ± 0.10) ×104 - (4.02 ± 0.39) ×104 copies g-1 dry soil) in all the soil samples. Soil pH was the key factor affecting the quantity of AOB, and the total phosphorus and ammonium nitrogen in soil were the key factors affecting the quantity of AOA. The rates of ammonia oxidation in the farmland soils of Lhatse (2.42 ± 0.73 mg kg-1 d-1) and Sangzhuzi (3.24 ± 1.15 mg kg-1 d-1) were significantly higher than those in the soils of Nyingchi (1.17 ± 0.43 mg kg-1 d-1) and Sangri counties (0.88 ± 0.57 mg kg-1 d-1). The rates of ammonia oxidation in the farmland soils of Lhatse and Sangzhuzi were dominated by AOB, while those in the farmland soils of Nyingchi and Sangri counties were dominated by AOA. For crops, the ammonia oxidation rates of wheat and oilseed rape soils in all four regions were significantly higher than those of highland barley soil, whereas the activity of AOA and AOB was not influenced by crops. The ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus was the key factor influencing AOA activity, whereas soil pH and total carbon were the main factors influencing AOB activity. Additionally, the quantities of AOA and AOB were not significantly correlated with the total ammonia oxidation rates and AOA and AOB activity. Overall, our study suggests that both AOA and AOB play important roles in ammonia oxidation in farmland soils of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Moreover, it is unreliable to predict the activity of AOA and AOB and their relative contribution to ammonia oxidation directly based on their number of amoA genes, and the activity of AOA and AOB should be directly and accurately measured. These results are important for understanding ammonia nitrogen removal processes, slowing nitrate loss, and reducing the emission of the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide in the farmland ecosystem of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. © 2022 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

太湖平原农田区域地表水特征及对氮磷流失的影响

为了解太湖平原不同类型农田氮磷流失特征,在嘉兴地区选择8类共38个农田作为定位点,在降水后对定位点农田沟渠和近农田河道地表水特征进行监测,并采集、检测水样.结果表明:太湖平原农田易产流,径流氮磷污染强度大.在24 h大于15 nm雨量(15 mm·(24 h)-1)或48 h大于20 mm雨量(20 mm·(48 h)-1)的降水条件下,各类农田产流次数占历次监测比例(简称产流频度)为50%～100%;径流氮磷含量超过国家地表水环境质量标准(GB3838-2002)中的Ⅴ类水标准(N,2mg·L-1;P,0.4mg·L-1).汛期,农田产流频度平均高出非汛期13%,农田氮磷流失频度和强度均大于非汛期,氮磷含量分别高出1.2mg·L-1和0.26mg·L-1.不同类型农田氮磷流失强度差异大,氮素最大相差11倍,磷素达4倍.近农田河道水全年多停滞,河水停滞次数占历次监测比例(简称停滞频度)为40%以上,易于氮磷累积.在汛期的15 mm·(24 ·L-1或20mm·(48·L-1以上强度降水条件下,种植蔬菜、果木类和旱作大田作物的农田尤应作为农田面源污染防控重点,近农田河道流动特征应被关注.     

氧化塘底泥对作物生长影响的研究

本文通过农田试验 ,得出氧化塘底泥可以改良土壤结构、增加有机质含量、微生物数量、提高作物产量的结论。因此 ,底泥可以作为一种有机肥应用于农业。     

农田生态系统管理与非点源污染控制

随着化肥和农药大量使用,农业非点源污染已经成为全球水污染的主要来源．不同农田管理措施,如免耕、少耕、传统耕作方式,化肥和农药的使用量、使用方式以及使用季节,灌溉的不同方式,如沟灌、淹灌和喷灌等与农业非点源污染形成之间均有密切的关系,通过农田景观设计来控制非点源污染,可望在控制农业非点源污染方面起到指导作用．     

长三角地区农田化肥投入快速增长的经济学诱因分析

农田化肥大量投入是引起农业面源污染的重要原因.根据长三角地区1980-2005年种植业生产以及农产品市场的统计数据,从投入要素机会成本变化和农产品价格变化角度,探讨长三角地区农业生产中化肥投入快速增长的经济学诱因.研究结果表明,长三角地区土地密集型作物上化肥投入快速增长是由于土地机会成本增长远远高于化肥价格增长而产生的化肥对土地的替代;相对劳动密集型作物上化肥投入快速增长是由于劳动机会成本高速增长引发的化肥对劳动的替代,并且相对劳动密集型农产品市场价格波动对化肥投入量的影响也较为显著.     

东北三省农田生态系统碳排放时空分异特征及驱动因素研究

根据2000—2014年东北三省碳排放的相关数据,结合空间探索性分析及地理加权回归等模型方法,对研究区农田生态系统碳排放量的空间集聚性、差异性及其重要驱动因素进行研究.结果表明:东北三省农田生态系统碳排放量存在比较显著的全局空间正相关,自相关性在整体上表现出逐渐增强的趋势,到2014年全局Moran's I指数达到最高值0.3395.在局部空间相关关系上,东北三省农田生态系统碳排放量的高-高区域集中在黑龙江省和吉林省,低-低地区主要集中在辽宁省,表现出不平衡的发展格局.人均GDP对农田生态系统碳排放有负效应,总人口数对农田生态系统碳排放的影响从正效应转变为负效应,化肥施用对农田生态系统碳排放影响程度的空间分布格局发生了较大变化,代表生产技术水平和能源消耗的农业化肥施用量和农业机械总动力因素对农田生态系统碳排放的影响较大,东北三省农田生态系统碳排放和农业机械总动力相关程度有逐渐趋同的趋势.     

农田土壤温室气体产生机制及影响因素研究进展

农田土壤通过微生物呼吸、植物根系呼吸和土壤动物呼吸,释放大量温室气体,成为大气中主要温室气体(CO2、CH4和N2O)的重要来源.文章在阐述土壤温室气体产生机制的基础上,着重从土壤生物、土壤理化性质(主要包括温湿度、有机质、pH、Eh、土壤质地等)、水肥管理及耕作措施等角度对农田土壤温室气体释放的影响进行了综述,对土壤温室气体的减排措施进行了总结,并就今后农田土壤温室气体的研究重点和方向进行了展望.     

塔里木河干流农田排水资源化研究

近几十年经表明,农田排水对塔里木河干流水质盐化的影响不断加重。在塔里木河干流,农田排水资源化利用有如下几个有利条件：⑴农田排水有一定数量且渠网的延伸和改造难度不大;⑵荒漠可作为农田排水资源化利用的场所;⑶农田排水仍可勉强适于耐盐植物生长。根据区域不同利用农田排水拓展乔灌草防沙带、增加盐成土荒漠耐盐植被的盖度、使人工绿洲边缘的荒漠能够生长耐盐植物等都是农田排水资源化利用发展的方向。