化学危险品仓库的安全防火

化学危险品仓库是收发和储存有燃烧、爆炸、腐蚀灼伤、中毒等危险的化工原料、农药、化肥、化学试剂、化学药品等物品的仓库。其类型按使用性质和规模大小，分为大型的商业、外贸、物资和交通运输等部门的专业性储备、中转仓库：中型的厂矿企业单位的生产附属仓库：小型的一般使用性质的储藏库。化学危险物品仓库是易燃易爆等化学物品集中存放的场所。     

德国研制出新生代“除味器”有害气体可还原成无害气体

由德国Zielonka公司最新研制生产的新生代空气净化产品．被欧美一些媒体认为是“空气净化”界的一大创造，主要在于它通过分解空气中有害气体和异味的分子链，还原出对人体无害的氧气和氮气无害气体，从而达到了净化空气和除臭的效果。     

从有毒金属中拯救水和土壤

2004年，Solucorp工业公司公布了一种可使含重金属(如汞、铅、镉、铬)的消耗品安全处置的技术。该技术被称作综合固定系统(IFS)，是Solucorp公司的分子键接系统(MBS)向子弹、电池、脱漆剂甚至垃圾掩埋场衬里等消费品传送的载体。MBS可将消耗品中的可滤出重金属转化成不溶物形态。     

化工管道火灾爆炸事故的预防措施

化工管道纵横交错,管道种类繁多,被输送的介质理化性质多样,管道系统接点多,火灾爆炸事故发生率高。而且,一旦管道发生爆炸事故,容易沿着管道系统扩展蔓延,使事故迅速扩大。预防和控制火灾爆炸事故发生,是实现化工安全生产的一项重要工作。     

苯乙烯在有机-水两相界面上的分子氧选择性光氧化

以水为介质的氧化反应是一种有效的烯烃选择性绿色氧化和有机物的绿色处理过程.以苯乙烯为反应底物,开展了苯乙烯在室温、紫外光照射下的有机-水两相界面上的分子氧选择性光氧化反应.结果表明:在水溶液中,苯乙烯被选择性地光氧化成苯甲醛,苯甲醛的产率和选择性分别为28.5%和90.8%;而在无氧状态下,水溶液和有机溶剂中的苯乙烯光氧化反应都只得到非常少量的苯甲醛,产率仅有0.2%~0.4%.芳香端基烯烃（如3-甲基苯乙烯、4-甲氧基苯乙烯、1,1-二苯基乙烯）也能在水溶液中被分子氧选择性地光氧化,生成相应的羰基化合物;以双氧水为氧化剂,在水溶液中苯乙烯光氧化反应的苯甲醛产率为0.4%,以双氧水或分子氧为氧化剂时,醇溶剂中苯甲醛的产率均为0.6%~0.7%.研究显示,分子氧和水是苯乙烯光氧化反应的必须因素.      

北京市不同地区土壤中的球囊霉素荧光特征及其与土壤理化性质的关系

球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白是一种菌根真菌产生的耐热糖蛋白,因其与微生物密切联系而常用来表征土壤的健康状况.由于球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白的提取过程中容易产生干扰物质,影响了这个指标在土壤状态评估方面的进一步应用.本研究采集了北京北部山区,中部城区以及南部郊区的土壤样品,使用三维荧光-平行因子模型技术解析球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白中可溶性有机物的荧光特征,将土壤类球囊霉素蛋白分解为5个荧光组分,分别为微生物源UVC腐殖质类物质、UVA人为来源腐殖质类物质、微生物来源的氧化醌物质、土壤富里酸类物质和类蛋白物质,蛋白质在其中所占比例为0~20%.不同采样区域的荧光特征比较显示,球囊霉素土壤相关土壤蛋白的5个荧光组分总体稳定,与山区相比较,城区和郊区的类蛋白质组分受人类活动影响降低,氧化醌类物质组分含量升高.不同采样点的理化特征结果显示,以城市建设和耕作为代表的人类活动减少了土壤中的含水率、有机质含量以及总氮含量.比较球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白的荧光特征与土壤理化特征的相关性结果显示,球囊霉素土壤相关蛋白浓度、UVA腐殖质组分、UVC腐殖质组分与土壤有机质含量、总氮含量显著相关,具有表征土壤健康状况的潜力.     

黄河口湿地土壤中正构烷烃分子指标及物源指示意义

对黄河口湿地表层土壤中的总有机碳、正构烷烃等进行了分析,计算了正构烷烃分子指标,探讨了其物源指示意义,并对不同采样区域和采样时间的结果进行了比较.结果表明,黄河口湿地土壤中正构烷烃以高碳奇数烷烃(C25～C33)为主,说明土壤中有机质主要来自于陆地高等植物,而样品中未分离混合物的存在表明土壤可能受到了油类污染.土壤中总的正构烷烃含量有明显的时间和区域差异,总的变化范围在0.57～3.90μg.g-1.在2009年4月(枯水期)总的正构烷烃含量相对6月(调水调沙期间)要高,以黄河口湿地核心恢复区最高,其次是黄河入海前最后一个浮桥下方的黄河北岸,最后是黄河故道区域,而6月的变化趋势与此相反.这一变化趋势与总有机碳是一致的,而与中值粒径的变化趋势相反,反映了两个不同的采样时间水环境条件的差异.基于正构烷烃的分子指标,如平均链长ACL、奇偶优势度OEP、烷烃指数AI、碳优势指数CPI和陆海比TAR等表明黄河口湿地土壤的有机质的成熟度较低,有较强的陆源高等植物输入优势,且主要来自于草本植物.与其他指标相比,陆海比指标TAR更好地反映了水环境条件的变化.     

Influence of dissolved organic matter character on mercury incorporation by planktonic organisms：An experimental study using oligotrophic water from Patagonian lakes

Ligands present in dissolved organic matter （DOM） form complexes with inorganic divalent mercury （Hg^2＋） affecting its bioavailability in pelagic food webs. This investigation addresses the influence of a natural gradient of DOM present in Patagonian lakes on the bioaccumulation of Hg^2＋ （the prevailing mercury species in the water column of these lakes） by the algae Cryptomonas erosa and the zooplankters Brachionus calyciflorus and Boeckella antiqua. Hg^2＋ accumulation was studied through laboratory experiments using natural water of four oligotrophic Patagonian lakes amended with^197Hg^2＋. The bioavailability of Hg^2＋ was affected by the concentration and character of DOM. The entrance of Hg^2＋ into pelagic food webs occurs mostly through passive and active accumulation. The incorporation of Hg^2＋ by Cryptomonas, up to 27% of the Hg^2＋ amended, was found to be rapid and dominated by passive adsorption, and was greatest when low molecular weight compounds with protein-like or small phenolic signatures prevailed in the DOM. Conversely, high molecular weight compounds with a humic or fulvic signature kept Hg^2＋ in the dissolved phase, resulting in the lowest Hg^2＋ accumulation in this algae. In Brachionus and Boeckella the direct incorporation of Hg from the aqueous phase was up to 3% of the Hg^2＋ amended. The dietary incorporation of Hg^2＋ by Boeckella exceeded the direct absorption of this metal in natural water, and was remarkably similar to the Hg^2＋ adsorbed in their prey. Overall, DOM concentration and character affected the adsorption of Hg^2＋ by algae through competitive binding, while the incorporation of Hg^2＋ into the zooplankton was dominated by trophic or dietary transfer.     

Electrochemical and spectroscopic characteristics of dissolved organic matter in a forest soil profile

Dissolved organic matter （DOM） represents one of the most mobile and reactive organic compounds in ecosystem and plays an important role in the fate and transport of soil organic pollutants, nutrient cycling and more importantly global climate change. Electrochemical methods were first employed to evaluate DOM redox properties, and spectroscopic approaches were utilized to obtain information concerning its composition and structure. DOM was extracted from a forest soil profile with five horizons. Differential pulse voltammetry indicated that there were more redox-active moieties in the DOM from upper horizons than in that from lower horizons. Cyclic voltammetry further showed that these moieties were reversible in electron transfer. Chronoamperometry was employed to quantify the electron transfer capacity of DOM, including electron acceptor capacity and electron donor capacity, both of which decreased sharply with increasing depth. FT-IR, UV-Vis and fluorescence spectra results suggested that DOM from the upper horizons was enriched with aromatic and humic structures while that from the lower horizons was rich in aliphatic carbon, which supported the findings obtained by electrochemical approaches. Electrochemical approaches combined with spectroscopic methods were applied to evaluate the characteristics of DOM extracted along a forest soil profile. The electrochemical properties of DOM, which can be rapidly and simply obtained, provide insight into the migration and transformation of DOM along a soil profile and will aid in better understanding of the biogeochemical role of DOM in natural environments.     

上海市疏浚泥资源化可利用性分析

对上海市不同区域疏浚泥的颗粒粒径、化学成分、毒性、养分等理化性质进行测定,继而对其资源化可利用性进行了分析。结果表明,上海市疏浚泥可定性为粘质粉土和粉质粘土;3个采样区的样品均没有达到清洁疏浚泥的标准。内河航道疏浚泥养分充足但镉污染稍显严重,采取重金属预防措施后适宜作为农作地和湿地矿山修复用地;黄浦江码头前沿和长江码头前沿疏浚泥有机质严重不足,仅适于在绿地、绿化带、防护林等处使用;3处疏浚泥均可制陶粒和制砖,亦可用于围内吹填工程,但需事先对疏浚泥里的重金属成分进行固化。