Development and application of a two-dimensional water quality model for the Daqinghe River Mouth of the Dianchi Lake

Water quality models are important tools to support the optimization of aquatic ecosystem rehabilitation programs and assess their efficiency. Basing on the flow conditions of the Daqinghe River Mouth of the Dianchi Lake, China, two-dimensional water quality model was developed in the research. The hydrodynamics module was numerically solved by the alternating direction iteration (ADI) method. The parameters of the water quality module were obtained through the in situ experiments and the lab analyses that were conducted from 2006 to 2007. The model was calibrated and verified by the observation data in 2007. Among the four modelled key variables that were water level, CODcr, NH3-N and PO4-P, the minimum value of the coefficient of determination (CoD) was 0.69, which mean the model performed reasonably well. The developed model was then applied to simulate the water quality changes at the downstream cross-section assuming that the designed restoration programs were implemented. According to the simulated results, the restoration programs could cut down the loads of CODcr and PO4-P about 15%, however, they would have very little effect on the NH3-N removal. Besides, the water quality at the outlet cross-section would be still in class V (3838-02), indicating more measures should be taken to further reduce the loads. The study demonstrated the capability of water quality models to support aquatic ecosystem restorations.     

农村环保有法才能有治——从立法角度看我国畜禽养殖污染防治

虽然近年来政府在立法上做了许多工作,但相对于越来严重的畜禽养殖污染而言,制度建设还是滞后,我国畜禽养殖污染防治的法律体系还很不完善。这与我国过去环保工作重视工业和城市污染、忽视农业和农村污染的历史背景有关。     

滇池流域气候特征研究

采用滇池流域5个站点的气象资料对滇池流域气候特征进行统计分析.滇池流域冬季最低温度不低于7℃,夏季最高温度不超过20℃,冬夏温差较小,适于居住.滇池流域内,滇池沿岸的站点冬夏温差相对远离流域的其它站点要小.近40多a来,滇池流域冬、夏及年气温呈现年际振荡的变化分布,滇池流域气温呈现出明显的上升趋势,且冬季增温最为明显.滇池流域的风向全年均以西南风为主,夏季滇池流域南、北部还受南风的影响,其西部受东风的影响,而东、东北部分别受东南、东北风的影响.滇池流域雨季主要从5月开始,夏季和年降水量较大的昆明、嵩明站均位于滇池流域主要风向-西南风的下风方向.     

大姚县畜禽养殖业污染防治对策初探

对大姚县畜禽养殖业污染物产生、处理及综合利用现状进行了分析,指出大姚县畜禽养殖业环境管理中存在的执法不力、选址不当、污染治理投入不到位、宣传力度不够等问题,并对其成因进行分析.提出了对策.     

牛栏江流域景观格局分析

针对牛栏江流域云南段,基于遥感监测所获得的植被覆盖斑块信息,就该地区景观格局进行分析研究。结果表明：研究区内景观类型丰富,不同景观类型斑块大小的平均水平,以及斑块密度差异明显;流域内景观受人为干扰较大,说明了流域内生态环境较脆弱。     

牛栏江-滇池补水工程流域水污染主要来源初探

根据2002～2008年连续7a牛栏江流域（昆明段）河道和流域库区水质现状监测结果,对牛栏江-滇池补水工程流域的水环境质量现状进行了调查分析,初步探讨了流域水污染的主要来源,由此提出水污染防治的对策措施与建议。     

洱海流域农田土壤氮素的矿化及其影响因素

采用好氧间歇淋洗培养法,对洱海流域内的农田、菜地土壤样品培养2周,研究土壤氮的矿化及其影响因素.结果表明,表层土壤2周氮矿化量平均为65.54mg/kg.不同农田利用方式下,表层土壤氮矿化量的平均值为露地菜田粮田大蒜田.土壤氮素矿化以硝态氮为主,且随着土壤深度的增加而降低.土壤氮矿化同全氮、有机质含量呈明显的正相关关系,与pH值呈负相关;氮矿化与无机氮含量、C/N之间无显著关系.全氮、有机质和pH值是影响该流域农田土壤矿化的主要因子.     

近50a东江流域径流变化及影响因素分析

以1956—2005年降雨、径流与气象资料为基础,应用Mann-Kendall趋势检验、小波分析以及R/S分析等多种方法,探讨了东江流域径流年际变化特征及其对气候变化以及植被覆盖变化的响应。结果表明:①50 a来流域年径流序列变化趋势不明显,存在4 a、7~9 a、11~13 a、16~22 a等4类尺度的周期性变化规律;河源、岭下站径流序列具有较强的状态持续性,博罗站持续性很小。②厄尔尼诺现象出现的当年,东江流域年径流量普遍减少;厄尔尼诺现象出现的次年,年径流量普遍增加。太阳黑子数的急剧变化,与东江径流量的丰、枯也有良好的响应关系。③50 a来,在降雨量呈不显著减少趋势的背景下,河源、岭下站径流仍然呈不显著增加趋势的主要原因是蒸发量下降的缘故,是气候因素和流域植被退化共同作用的结果。     

Modeling the e ects of constructed wetland on nonpoint source pollution control and reservoir water quality improvement

This article describes the integrated modeling approach for planning the size and the operation of constructed wetlands for maximizing retention of nonpoint source pollutant loads and reservoir water-quality improvement at a catchment scale. The experimental field-scale wetland systems (four sets, 0.88 ha each) have been in operation since 2002, where water depth was maintained at 30–50 cm and hydraulic loading rate was at 6.3–18.8 cm/day. The wetland system was found to be adequate for treating polluted stream water with stable removal e ciency even during the winter. The integrated modeling system (modified-BASINS) was applied to the Seokmoon estuarine reservoir watershed and calibrated with monitoring data from constructed wetland, stream, and reservoir. The calibrated integrated modeling system estimated that constructing wetlands on 0.5% (about 114 ha) of the watershed area at the mouth of reservoir could reduce 11.61% and 13.49% of total external nitrogen and phosphorus loads, respectively. It also might improve the nitrogen and phosphorus concentration of the reservoir by 9.69% and 16.48%, respectively. The study suggested that about 0.1%–1.0% of the watershed area should be allocated for constructed wetland to meet specified water-quality standards for the estuarine reservoir at the polder area where land use planning is relatively less complicated.     

创新机制 以防为主 防治结合 探索中国特色环保新路

近年来,我国污染防治工作取得重要成绩.在经济快速增长的同时,全国主要污染物排放量逐步下降.污染加重的趋势得到初步遏制,部分地区和城市的环境质量得到改善,污染防治工作已经实现由被动应对向主动防控的战略性转变.但是,全国环境形势依然严峻,污染防治体制机制依然不顺,很多环境污染问题依然危害群众健康、影响可持续发展.