湘西汞矿区土壤中重金属的空间分布特征及其生态环境意义

采用HG-ICP-AES和ICP-MS法测定了湘西茶田汞矿区典型土壤剖面（远离矿口处的自然土壤剖面P₁、矿口附近的自然土壤剖面P₂和汞矿渣下覆土壤剖面P₃）不同层次的土壤及矿区的矿石、废矿和矿渣等环境样品中Hg及其它重金属的含量,在此基础上,结合富集系数法和相关分析等地统计学方法,探讨了汞矿区土壤中Hg等重金属的来源、分布及迁移特征.结果表明,Hg在P₁剖面中呈底层富集趋势,而在P₂、P₃剖面中均表现出明显的表层富集现象;P₂、P₃剖面土壤都遭受了Hg的污染,但P₃的污染更为严重,其土壤表层的Hg含量达到640 　μg·g^-1,剖面Hg平均含量为(76.74±171.71) 　μg·g^-1,Hg向下迁移的深度超过100 cm,分别高于P₂的6.5 　μg·g^-1、(2.74±1.90) 　μg·g^-1和40 cm;除成矿元素Hg污染严重外,矿区土壤中还存在着Cd、As、Pb、Zn的污染,且以Cd的污染较为严重;矿区土壤剖面中重金属的迁移能力为Hg>Cd>As>Zn ≈ Pb,并受元素在表土层的含量及土壤理化参数的影响.研究表明,矿区土壤剖面中重金属的来源、分布及迁移既受原生地质环境的影响,更与人类采选矿活动密切相关.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils of Beijing and Tianjin region： Vertical distribution, correlation with TOC and transport mechanism

The contents and distribution of 20 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heterocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (HAHs) were investigated in 16 soil profiles of Beijing and Tianjin region. Transport of high molecular weight PAHs (HMWPAHs) and the correlation between total organic carbon (TOC) and their concentrations were also discussed. The results indicated that highly contaminated sites were located at urban or wastewater irrigation areas and pollutants mainly accumulated in topsoil (< 40 cm), with a sharp content decrease at the vertical boundary of 30–40 cm. Total PAHs/HAHs concentrations in soils from Tianjin were markedly greater than those from Beijing. Even the contents at bottoms of soil profiles in Tianjin were higher than those in topsoils of Beijing soil profile. HMWPAHs dominated the PAH profiles, exhibiting a uniform distribution of pyrogenic origin between topsoils and deep layers. Furthermore, the percentages of HMWPAHs remained relative constant with the depth of soil profiles, which were consistent with the distribution of particulate matter-associated PAHs in the local atmospheric environments. Therefore, HMWPAHs transport with particulates might be the predominant source found in soil profiles.     

美国海军F-18飞机中的“使用任务环境法”

介绍了美国海军F-18飞机采用的使用任务环境（OME）法,重点分析了F-18飞机合成任务剖面、主要环境因素和完整性试验大纲,简述了F-18飞机OME法在可靠性水平增长及寿命期费用节省等方面取得的成果。     

固体发动机典型环境载荷分析

分析了固体发动机在贮存、运输、发射等使用条件下的环境载荷,为下一步编制固体发动机环境载荷谱和试验研究提供了基础。     

Characteristics of ozone vertical profile observed in the boundary layer around Beijing in autumn

In the autumn of 2008, the vertical profiles of ozone and meteorological parameters in the low troposphere (0–1000 m) were observed at two sites around Beijing, specifically urban Nanjiao and rural Shangdianzi. At night and early morning, the lower troposphere divided into two stratified layers due to temperature inversion. Ozone in the lower layer showed a large gradient due to the titration of NO. Air flow from the southwest brought ozone-rich air to Beijing, and the ozone profiles were marked by a continuous increase in the residual layer at night. The accumulated ozone in the upper layer played an important role in the next day’s surface peak ozone concentration, and caused a rapid increase in surface ozone in the morning. Wind direction shear and wind speed shear exhibited different influences on ozone profiles and resulted in different surface ozone concentrations in Beijing.     

美军V/STOL飞机机载设备可靠性试验剖面研究

简述了美军垂直/短距起落飞机(V/STOL)飞机的特征和环境,提供了垂直/短距起落飞机的10个典型作战任务剖面及其飞行参数,分析了垂直/短距起落飞机和常规起落飞机的环境差异,给出了垂直/短距起落飞机每个作战任务剖面对应的可靠性试验剖面.     

江西赣南地区网纹红土粒度组合特征及其指示意义

对赣南地区黄金剖面（HJ）和沙河剖面（SH）红土粒度特征研究表明：（1）两个剖面粒度组成表现出较好的一致性。粉砂（4-63μm）为优势粒组,HJ和SH剖面含量的平均值分别为51．51％、55．02％,其中粗粉砂（10～50pm）分别为29．14％、30．79％;粘粒组分（〈4μm）含量平均值分别为28．69％、23．1...     

耕层重构对小麦籽粒镉累积的影响和应用风险

小麦富镉(Cd)问题受到广泛关注,耕层重构技术具备降Cd潜力。通过大田实验,探究耕层重构和深翻耕技术对土壤-小麦系统Cd污染的控制效果及其风险。结果表明：土壤耕作层(0～20 cm)中的Cd总量是影响小麦籽粒Cd含量的关键因子。耕层重构技术通过互换深层土壤(30～60 cm)和表层土壤(0～30 cm),能够显著降低耕作层(0～20 cm)土壤Cd总量和Cd有效态含量,并使小麦籽粒Cd含量降低17.3%～24.6%。深翻耕技术通过混匀0～30 cm土壤,能够降低耕作层土壤Cd总量,但会导致土壤Cd有效态含量升高,进而促进小麦籽粒Cd富集。耕层重构和深翻耕对小麦营养元素吸收影响均较小。耕层重构技术的处理深度较大而深翻耕处理深度不足,因此耕层重构技术的土壤降Cd能力、小麦降Cd能力和不确定性均优于深翻耕处理,适用于中轻度Cd污染[ρ(Cd)>1.2 mg/kg]农田修复。耕层重构技术与补施Ca、Mg肥等农艺措施的组合应用可有效提高降Cd效率。     

神木煤矿区土壤重金属污染特征研究

通过对神府煤田开采区3个煤矿区周围土壤Cu、Cd、Cr、Mn、Ni质量分数进行测定及分析,评价了煤田开采对周围土壤的污染程度。结果表明,长期的煤炭资源开发、运输等活动,已导致周围土壤受到重金属不同程度的累积性污染,土壤中Cd、Ni质量分数高于陕西省土壤背景值,且Cd污染程度较高,Ni污染程度较低,而Cu、Cr、Mn基本不受污染。3个煤矿表层土壤各重金属元素质量分数均表现出污染区大于对照区,但这种变化幅度存在一定差异;Cu、Cr、Mn 3种重金属元素虽没有超出背景值,但已表现出一定程度的累积;煤矿周围土壤重金属污染受到开采年限、土壤质地、风向等因素的影响。3个煤矿污染区土壤剖面样品中,5种重金属元素质量分数基本上随着土壤深度的增加呈现降低的趋势,且这种趋势具有波动性。     

贵州晴隆锑矿尾砂中锑和砷的生物有效性及生态风险评价

为探明锑矿尾砂中锑(Sb)和砷(As)的形态分布特征及生态风险,选取贵州省晴隆锑尾矿库为研究对象,在尾砂剖面上(0~330 cm)采集样品33件,基于物相表征分析、冗余分析(RDA)及生态风险评价等方法,阐明了锑和砷在尾砂剖面上的形态分布及变化特征,并对其生态风险进行评价。结果表明:尾砂中主要以石英(SiO₂)、辉锑矿(Sb₂S₃)及方解石(CaCO₃)3种矿物存在;尾砂浸出液重金属浓度远低于毒性浸出标准;尾砂中Sb含量明显随深度增加而增加,而As含量在剖面上分布相对均匀。Sb各形态含量顺序为残渣态(1196.17 mg/kg)>可还原态(131.46 mg/kg)>弱酸提取态(54.07 mg/kg)>可氧化态(41.59 mg/kg),而As各形态含量顺序为残渣态(282.27 mg/kg)>可还原态(71.1 mg/kg)>可氧化态(42.06 mg/kg)>弱酸提取态(5.12 mg/kg);Sb和As的有效态含量分别占总量的16.94%和30.34%,其主要形态是可还原态。基于重金属总量的内梅罗综合污染指数评价法和潜在生态危害指数法的评价结果为存在重度污染和严重环境生态风险;基于重金属形态含量的风险评估编码法(RAC)和次生相原生相分布比值法(RSP)评价结果为低污染和低生态风险。基于重金属形态含量的评价方法可更客观准确地评价其可能对环境产生的潜在生态风险。