我国PFOS的环境风险管理对策研究

PFOS在我国生产量不断增加,使用范围广泛,在整个生命周期中通过生产、销售、使用以及三废处理等过程排放到环境中,导致我国环境介质、野生动物和人体内均可检测到PFOS存在。为履行斯德哥尔摩公约,推动PFOS环境风险管理工作,本文分析了国际上已开展的PFOS风险管理措施,以及我国PFOS风险管理面临的形势和挑战,提出了我国PFOS风险管理的政策建议。     

广州森林大气中VOCs昼夜变化特征及对O_3的影响

挥发性有机物化合物(VOCs)是大气光化学过程的重要前驱物,对大气中的臭氧(O)3有重要影响。文章对广州市花都区王子山森林公园大气中VOCs的昼夜变化特征进行了分析,并且评估了其对大气中O3的相对贡献。共定性和定量了21种VOCs,其中1,2,4-三甲基苯(21.50±32.90)μg/m3、甲基环戊烷(20.40±23.30)μg/m3和异戊二烯(14.90±39.20)μg/m3浓度最高。对于大多数VOCs来说,活性VOCs与相对惰性的VOCs表现出相反的昼夜变化特征,这反映了大气光化学反应对于VOCs的影响。采用Propy-Equiv浓度对大气VOCs对O3的影响评估结果表明,该地区大气VOCs对O3贡献的大小为:烯烃>苯系物>烷烃。     

1株咔唑降解菌的分离、鉴定及其降解特性研究

利用微生物分离技术,从土壤中分离到1株咔唑降解菌KH-6.菌株KH-6能够以咔唑为唯一的碳源和能源良好地生长,同时还可以利用3-甲基咔唑、4-羟基咔唑和2,2′-二羟基联苯生长.经过对其形态特征、生理生化、以及16S rDNA序列分析,初步鉴定为黄杆菌属细菌.该菌株对咔唑的降解性是通过在液体培养基内菌体的增加及底物的减少来证实的,其利用咔唑生长的最适温度和pH分别为30℃和7.5.静止细胞反应试验表明,菌株KH-6除了咔唑以外还可降解其它杂环化合物.咔唑污染土壤中的生物降解实验表明,在灭菌土壤中90%的咔唑被降解,菌株KH-6对土壤中的咔唑有很好的生物降解效果.     

锦州湾表层沉积物正构烷烃特征参数研究

研究了锦州湾沉积物中正构烷烃的含量、组成特征、特征比值及其来源.采集18个站位的表层沉积物样品,经正己烷/二氯甲烷（体积比1∶1）混合液索氏提取、净化浓缩后进行GC-MS分析.结果表明,正构烷烃含量（Σn-Alk）范围1.9～4.2μg.g-1,平均值2.6μg.g-1,各个站位组成特征相似,都表现为双峰型,显示了陆源与海源双重贡献特征.ΣC25～31贡献值为20%～32%,短/长链比值L/H均值为0.67,C31/C19均值3.06,类脂物比值TAR均值为2.02,3个参数显示锦州湾沉积物外来源陆源贡献值要大于海洋源,特别是2、3和7站位受到陆源河流输入影响较大.碳优势指数CPI范围1.19～2.63,均值1.73,接近于1;姥鲛烷和植烷比值Pr/Ph为0.91～1.28;样品中普遍存在不可分离化合物UCM,U/R比值为2.2～4.3,此3个参数显示出13和15站位有石油输入特征.多种特征参数比值综合分析表明该海域受到了陆源输入和石油烃污染的威胁,这可能与锦州湾地区河流排污、港口航运有关.     

泳池水质与人体健康

游泳是一项健康的体育活动,但同时也增加了与病原微生物和消毒药/副产品暴露接触的风险.鉴于康乐体育游泳运动的普及,值得洋意的是,我们对游泳池化合物、人体暴露和潜在的健康风险的理解仅处于初级阶段而已.归绺其原因部分是由于游泳池水化学的复杂性,当水从源头流向泳客的时候增加了它在水中的转化     

Treatment of taste and odor causing compounds 2-methyl isoborneol and geosmin in drinking water: A critical review

Problems due to the taste and odor in drinking water are common in treatment facilities around the world. Taste and odor are perceived by the public as the primary indicators of the safely and acceptability of drinking water and are mainly caused by the presence of two semi-volatile compounds – 2-methyl isoborneol (MIB) and geosmin. A review of these two taste and odor causing compounds in drinking water is presented. The sources for the formation of these compounds in water are discussed alongwith the health and regulatory implications. The recent developments in the analysis of MIB/geosmin in water which have allowed for rapid measurements in the nanogram per liter concentrations are also discussed. This review focuses on the relevant treatment alternatives, that are described in detail with emphasis on their respective advantages and problems associated with their implementation in a fullscale facility. Conventional treatment processes in water treatment plants, such as coagulation, sedimentation and chlorination have been found to be ine ective for removal of MIB/geosmin. Studies have shown powdered activated carbon, ozonation and biofiltration to be e ective in treatment of these two compounds. Although some of these technologies are more e ective and show more promise than the others, much work remains to be done to optimize these technologies so that they can be retrofitted or installed with minimal impact on the overall operation and e ectiveness of the treatment system.     

Characterization of disinfection byproduct formation potential in 13 source waters in China

The formation potential of four trihalomethanes (THMFP) and seven haloacetic acids (HAA7FP) in 13 source waters taken from four major water basin areas in China was evaluated using the simulated distribution system (SDS) chlorination method. The specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA254: the ratio of UV254 to dissolved organic carbon (DOC)), which ranged between 0.9 and 5.0 L/(mg m), showed that the organic compounds in di erent source waters exhibited di erent reactivities with chlorine. The HAA7FP of source waters ranged from 20 to 448 g/L and the THMFP ranged from 29 to 259 g/L. The HAA7FP concentrations were higher than the THMFP concentrations in all but one of the samples. Therefore, the risks of haloacetic acids (HAAs) should be of concern in some source waters. TCM (chloroform) and BDCM (bromodichloromethane) were the major THM constituents, while TCAA (trichloroacetic acid) and DCAA (dichloroacetic acid) were the major HAA species. Br-THM (brominated THM species) were much higher than Br- HAA (brominated HAA species), and the formation of Br-DBP (Br-THM and Br-HAA) should be of concern when the bromide concentration is over 100 g/L.     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法快速筛选纺织品及皮革中的有机锡化合物

为实现大批量样品中有机锡化合物的检测,提出用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)进行快速筛选.样品用模拟酸性汗液在(37±2)℃水浴中提取1h,ICP-MS进行测定,针对不同纺织品或皮革制品,依据其类别进行产品质量符合性判断:婴幼儿用品的测定值在0.5 mg/kg之下,其他类别样品的测定值在1.0 mg/kg之下,可认为符合产品质量安全要求.实验结果表明,ICP-MS测定锡元素的方法检出限为0.01mg/kg,精密度高于4.1％,加标回收率在90.22～101.80％之间.方法灵敏度高,操作简单,所用试剂量少,可实现对大量样品的快速筛选.     

骆马湖表层水和沉积物中全氟化合物赋存特征、来源及健康风险评估

通过对骆马湖表层水和沉积物的调查检测,分析了两类介质中全氟化合物（PFASs）的组分结构和赋存特征,并运用主成分分析法对表层水中此类物质的来源进行了解析,运用风险商法评估了此类物质的潜在健康风险,结果表明,骆马湖表层沉积物中总计检出14种PFASs,而其表层水中较之前者多检出1种（PFTeA）;表层水中■范围为46.09～120.34ng·L^-1,沉积物中■范围为2.22～9.55ng·g^-1;表层水中质量分数最高的为PFPeA,为38%,沉积物中质量分数最高的为PFBA,为61%,骆马湖多介质中PFASs组分均以短链物质为主;骆马湖表层水中PFASs的高浓度区域集中分布在北部河流入湖口,其浓度呈现由北向南递减的趋势,沉积物中PFASs的高含量区域则向南迁移;骆马湖沉积物中的∑PFASs、 PFBA和PFOS的分布情况与沉积物中TOC含量有关;主成分分析表明骆马湖表层水中PFASs主要来自纺织品阻燃、橡胶品的乳化、食品包装过程和纸类表面处理,金属电镀行业,皮革和纺织品制造行业;骆马湖表层水中PFASs处于较低健康风险水平.     

碳质材料和溶解性有机质对沉积物中全氟化合物在摇蚊幼虫体内富集的影响

全氟化合物(PFASs)是一类具有疏水基团和亲水基团的新型污染物.目前,在环境条件对PFASs生物富集影响方面已开展了诸多研究,但有关碳质材料(CMs)和溶解性有机质(DOM)共存对PFASs在生物体内富集的影响还未见报道。为探讨这一问题,研究了沉积物-水体系中2种碳质材料木炭(W400)、多壁碳纳米管(MWCNT10)和4种DOM(丹宁酸、富里酸、蛋白胨和腐殖酸)对6种典型PFASs在摇蚊幼虫体内生物富集的影响。结果表明,暴露10 d后(已达到富集平衡状态),无论体系中是否存在CMs,添加1~50 mg C·L-1不同类型的DOM对PFASs在摇蚊幼虫体内生物富集的影响不显著。无论体系中是否存在DOM,添加CMs均能降低摇蚊幼虫体内PFASs的含量,且MWCNT10对PFASs生物富集的降低比例显著高于W400。与对照相比,添加0.4%的MWCNT10对摇蚊幼虫体内PFASs含量的降低比例为21%~56%,而同等添加量的W400对其降低比例均低于20%。这表明,在沉积物-水体系中,当CMs和DOM共存时,CMs是影响PFASs在摇蚊幼虫体内富集的主要因素,而少量DOM的引入对其影响不大。