有机无机肥料对土壤肥力和作物产量的影响研究初报

研究有机无机肥料对土壤肥力及作物产量的影响．５年的定位监测结果表明，施无机Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ结合冬蔬菜残茎叶还田，不但能增加作物产量和提高经济效益．而且还能培肥土壤．而无机肥料加猪粪或冬绿肥还田的增产效果及土壤培肥效果与全无机肥相近．稻秆还田是增加土壤有机质的一项比较明显的有效措前，这一结论得到了再次验证．施用有机肥料可以增加土壤有效态微量元素的含量．     

酚类化合物在活性炭纤维上的竞争吸附

文章探讨邻甲苯酚，对甲苯酚以及2．4-二甲基苯酚在活性炭纤维上的吸附行为．并应甩理想吸附溶液理论(IAST)分别对其双组份体系和多组份体系的竞争吸附规律进行描述。结果表明．Freundlish公式能较好地描述酚类化合物在活性炭纤维上的吸附行为：当有机物的物理和化学性质相差不大时．其分子结构是影响其吸附行为的重要因素；IAST能较好地预测酚类化合物在活性炭纤维上的竞争吸附行为，但对于有氧条件下聚合作用较强的化合物如邻甲苯酚等．LAST的预测值和实测值之间存在着一定的偏差。     

裂解温度对新疆棉秆生物炭物理化学性质的影响

生物质的裂解温度影响其所生产的生物炭炭的物理和化学性质,进而影响其田间应用效果。棉花秸秆是干旱区特别是新疆地区的主要农业生物质资源,其生物炭利用途径有望克服现有秸秆利用途径的不足,但对棉秆生物炭理化性质及其变化的认识还很缺乏。本文在不同的裂解温度下对新疆棉秆生物炭物理和化学性质进行研究,发现随着裂解温度的升高,生物炭的产率、阳离子交换量、O/C和H/C值降低,p H、电导和持水性能提高,Na+、K+趋势不明显,Cl-和SO2-4等盐碱化离子以及Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)营养元素含量随温度的升高降低;C、N、S、C/N和灰分等均提高,NH+4-N在550℃碳化条件下含量最高。因此在田间应用中,应针对土壤特点和解决的问题,调控碳化温度,从而达到趋利避害的目的。     

翻堆对强制通风静态垛混合堆肥过程及其理化性质的影响

为了了解翻堆对堆肥过程及理化性质的影响,开展了城市污泥、猪粪强制通风静态垛堆肥试验,试验共设4个处理,分别为升温期(3d)、高温期(10d)、降温期(20d)翻堆处理和不翻堆的对照处理.结果表明:翻堆处理能降低堆肥的挥发性固体含量,减轻其在堆体剖面的差异.升温期翻堆不利于堆体DOC含量的降低及腐熟度的提高.降温期翻堆会减小再次升温速率及其所达到的最高温度.升温期和降温期翻堆,虽然有利于堆体内湿度的均匀分布,但却会缩短高温持续时间、降低堆肥的减容率和脱水率.不同时期翻堆,堆肥的pH和EC有降低的趋势,但总体而言其影响并不是特别明显.在高温期翻堆的处理中高温期持续时间长达15d,堆体减容率高达29%,再次升温的升温速率和所达到的最高温度分别为4℃·d-1和60 5℃,且与其它处理相比,其堆肥的VS、DOC和湿度都较低,GI较大.由此试验表明,高温期翻堆的堆肥处理能提高强制通风静态垛堆肥的堆肥效率和质量.     

金属毒理学与金属化学性质

金属在元素周期表中占所有元素的75％以上，不包括新近发现的超铀金属元素。金属的化学性质是各种各样的，数种人类遗传疾病都与金属代谢平衡失调有关。     

Effects of solution chemistry on arsenic(Ⅴ) removal by low-cost adsorbents

Natural and anthropogenic arsenic （As） contamination of water sources pose serious health concerns, especially for small communities in rural areas. This study assessed the applicability of three industrial byproducts （coal fly ash, lignite, and green waste compost） as the low-cost adsorbents for As（V） removal under various field-relevant conditions （dissolved oxygen, As（V）/Fe ratio, solution pH, and presence of competing species）. The physico-chemical properties of the adsorbents were characterized by XRD, XRF, FT-IR, and NMR analysis. Batch experiments demonstrated that coal fly ash could provide effective As（V） removal （82.1%-95%） because it contained high content of amorphous iron/aluminium hydroxides for As（V） adsorption and dissolvable calcium minerals for calcium arsenate precipitation. However, the addition of lignite and green waste compost was found unfavourable since they hindered the As（V） removal by 10%-42% possibly due to dissolution of organic matter and ternary arsenate-iron-organic matter complexes. On the other hand, higher concentrations of dissolved iron （comparing As（V）/Fe ratios of 1：1 and 1：10） and dissolved oxygen （comparing 0.2 and 6 mg/L） only marginally enhanced the As（V） removal at pH 6 and 8. Thus, addition of dissolved iron, water aeration, or pH adjustment became unnecessary because coal fly ash was able to provide effective As（V） removal under the natural range of geochemical conditions. Moreover, the presence of low levels of background competing （0.8 or 8 mg/L of humic acid, phosphate, and silicate） imposed little influence on As（V） removal, possibly because the high adsorption capacity of coal fly ash was far from exhaustion. These results suggested that coal fly ash was a potentially promising adsorbent that warranted further investigation.     

Assessment of temporal and spatial variations in water quality using multivariate statistical methods： a case study of the Xin＇anjiang River,China

This study evaluated the temporal and spatial variations of water quality data sets for the Xin＇anjiang River through the use of multivariate statistical techniques, including cluster analysis （CA）, discriminant analysis （DA）, correlation analysis, and principal component analysis （PCA）. The water samples, measured by ten parameters, were collected every month for three years （2008-2010） from eight sampling stations located along the river. The hierarchical CA classified the 12 months into three periods （First, Second and Third Period） and the eight sampling sites into three groups （Groups 1, 2 and 3） based on seasonal differences and various pollution levels caused by physicochemical properties and anthropogenic activ- ities. DA identified three significant parameters （tempera- ture, pH and E.coli） to distinguish temporal groups with close to 76% correct assignment. The DA also discovered five parameters （temperature, electricity conductivity, total nitrogen, chemical oxygen demand and total phosphorus） for spatial variation analysis, with 80.56% correct assignment. The non-parametric correlation coefficient （Spear- man R） explained the relationship between the water quality parameters and the basin characteristics, and the GIS made the results visual and direct. The PCA identified four PCs for Groups 1 and 2, and three PCs for Group 3. These PCs captured 68.94%, 67.48% and 70.35% of the total variance of Groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Although natural pollution affects the Xin＇anjiang River, the main sources of pollution included agricultural activities, industrial waste, and domestic wastewater.     

易燃与可燃液体的特性

正凡遇火、受热或与氧化剂接触能着火或爆炸、闪点≤60℃的液体称为易燃液体。评价液体的火灾爆炸危险性,可以按液体的下述物理化学性质来进行。(1)闪点和燃点闪点和燃点是鉴别液体火灾危险性的重要标志,闪点和燃点越低则越易引起燃烧。对于易燃液体,由于燃点和闪点很接近,一般只差1℃~5℃,因此在有关资料中只标记闪点而不标记燃点。对于可燃液体,其闪点在100℃以上的,它们的闪点和燃点之间相差30℃以上。在生产中控制在燃点以下,即可达到安全生产的目的。     

粘胶基活性炭纤维湿氧化改性对甲苯吸附性能的影响

为了研究粘胶基活性炭纤维(ACFs)湿氧化改性对甲苯吸附性能的影响,采用实验室模拟的方法,研究了H₂O₂湿氧化改性ACFs结构性质和表面化学性质对甲苯吸附性能的影响.结果表明:相比原样,改性ACFs的微孔孔容和表面积等结构参数均有所增大,从而有利于吸附甲苯.不同浓度的改性ACFs样品具有相似的结构性质和不同的表面化学性质;随着H₂O₂浸渍浓度的提高,ACFs表面CO型含氧基团含量递减且有利于吸附甲苯;CO₂型含氧基团含量递增且不利于吸附甲苯;整体上,ACFs表面含氧基团(包括CO型和CO₂型基团)总量的增多不利于甲苯吸附.ACFs与甲苯分子之间π-π色散力作用是影响湿氧化改性后ACFs对甲苯吸附性能的关键因素.