碱改性脱水污泥对水中镉的吸附效能研究

城市市政污水处理厂产生的剩余污泥是一种良好的重金属生物吸附剂制备原料。以北京某市政污水处理厂产生的脱水剩余污泥为原料,采用碱改性处理方法,制备得到碱改性脱水污泥生物吸附剂,通过其对水中镉的等温吸附实验,考察其重金属吸附效能。研究结果表明:碱改性脱水污泥对水中镉的等温吸附曲线符合Langmuir等温吸附模型。碱改性处理后,脱水污泥对水中镉的最大饱和吸附容量提高了2.8倍,达0.966 mmol/g,显著高于同类型脱水污泥生物吸附剂。碱改性脱水污泥对水中镉的最大饱和吸附容量与改性过程中所使用的Na OH浓度之间的线性相关性较差,呈现一定的波动变化趋势。     

曝气强度对膜生物反应器处理石化废水工艺运行特征的影响

采用膜生物反应器(Membrane Bioreactor,MBR)处理石化废水,研究曝气强度分别为1.50,3.00 m3/(m2·h)的条件下,MBR对石化废水中主要污染物的去除特征、跨膜压差(Trans Membrane Pressure,TMP)和混合液性质的变化特征。结果表明:在两种曝气强度条件下MBR对COD、NH+4-N及挥发酚等污染物的平均去除率分别为80.74%、80.23%、96.79%和97.55%、99.34%、98.84%,即在不同曝气条件下,曝气强度的变化对MBR的污染物去除性能无显著影响。但随着曝气强度由1.50 m3/(m2·h)增加到3.00 m3/(m2·h),MBR达到设定的最大跨膜压差(TMPMax=25k Pa)的运行时间由11.8 d增加到31.4 d,TMP上升速率降低。通过活性污泥颗粒粒径分析发现:增加曝气强度后,对膜污染影响显著的活性污泥颗粒粒径范围(0~2μm)所占体积比由2.10%减小到1.78%;并且混合液中溶解性微生物产物(soluble microbial product,SMP)和胞外聚合物(extracellular polymeric substance,EPS)质量浓度分别由24.07 mg/L和15.66 mg/g减小到15.14 mg/L和9.81 mg/g,从而降低了膜污染速率。     

Effect of a high strength chemical industry wastewater on microbial community dynamics and mesophilic methane generation

A high strength chemical industry wastewater was assessed for its impact on anaerobic microbial com- munity dynamics and consequently mesophilic methane generation. Cumulative methane production was 251 mL/g total chemical oxygen demand removed at standard temperature and pressure at the end of 30 days experimental period with a highest recorded methane percentage of 80.6% of total biogas volume. Volatile fatty acids （VFAs） analysis revealed that acetic acid was the major intermediate VFAs produced with propionic acid accumulating over the experimental period. Quantitative analysis of microbial communities in the test and control groups with quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction highlighted that in the test group, Eubacteria （96.3%） was dominant in comparison with methanogens （3.7%）. The latter were dominated by Methanomicrobiales and Methanobacteriales while in test groups increased over the experimental period, reaching a maximum on day 30. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis profile was performed, targeting the 16S rRNA gene of Eubacteria and Archaea, with the DNA samples extracted at 3 different time points from the test groups. A phylogenetic tree was constructed for the sequences using the neighborhood joining method. The analysis revealed that the presence of organisms resembling Syntrophomonadaceae could have contributed to increased production of acetic and propionic acid intermediates while decrease of organisms resembling Pelotomaculum sp. could have most likely contributed to accumulation of propionic acid. This study suggested that the degradation of organic components within the high strength industrial wastewater is closely linked with the activity of certain niche microbial communities within eubacteria and methanogens.     

Arsenic removal from groundwater by acclimated sludge under autohydrogenotrophic conditions

Arsenic in the environment is attracting increasing attention due to its chronic health effects. Although arsenite(As(III)) is generally more mobile and more toxic than arsenate(As(V)), reducing As(V) to As(III) may still be a means for decontamination, because As(III) can be removed from solution by precipitation with sulfide or by adsorption or complexation with other metal sulfides. The performance of As(V) bio-reduction under autohydrogenotrophic conditions was investigated with batch experiments. The results showed that As(V) reduction was a biochemical process while both acclimated sludge and hydrogen were essential. Most of the reduced arsenic remained in a soluble form, although 20% was removed with no addition of sulfate, while 82% was removed when sulfate was reduced to sulfide. The results demonstrated that the reduced arsenic was re-sequestered in the precipitates, probably as arsenic sulfides. Kinetic analysis showed that pseudo first-order kinetics described the bio-reduction process better than pseudo second-order. In particular, the influences of pH and temperature on As(V) reduction by acclimated sludge under autohydrogenotrophic conditions and total soluble As removal were examined. The reduction process was highly sensitive to both pH and temperature, with the optimum ranges of pH 6.5–7.0 and 30–40°C respectively. Furthermore, Arrhenius modeling results for the temperature effect indicated that the As(V) reduction trend was systematic. Total soluble As removal was consistent with the trend of As(V) reduction.     

FBC-DPF在柴油机颗粒物控制中的应用研究

目前针对加装FBC-DPF(燃油添加剂-柴油机颗粒捕集器)后的柴油机放特性研究较少,并且缺乏FBC-DPF对颗粒物中PAHs排放量的影响效果研究.为全面评估加装FBC-DPF后柴油机颗粒物排放特性和FBC-DPF对柴油机尾气中的颗粒物排放污染控制效果,在发动机台架上对装有FBC-DPF的重型柴油机进行了颗粒物排放特性试验.利用电子低压撞击仪(ELPI)测量加装FBC-DPF前、后柴油机颗粒物的数浓度与粒径分布,用玻璃纤维滤膜采集加装FBC-DPF前、后尾气中的固相PAHs,利用色谱质谱联用仪对加装FBC-DPF前、后尾气中的固相PAHs进行定量分析.结果表明:①加装FBC-DPF后柴油机排放的颗粒物数浓度大幅降低,FBC-DPF对尾气中颗粒物的捕集效率平均值在95%左右;②加装FBC-DPF后柴油机固相PAHs总比排放量有所降低,在大负荷区域降幅在25.0%～88.0%之间;③加装FBC-DPF前的颗粒物中位直径为30～89 nm,而加装FBC-DPF后的颗粒物中位直径为41～98 nm,平均增幅为38.2%.对于国Ⅳ及未来国Ⅴ柴油机排放法规,FBC-DPF是解决柴油机颗粒物排放的有效手段;此外,FBC-DPF可以大幅降低柴油机尾气中的有毒成分,并且能够适应高含硫量的燃油环境.     

Aerobic granules cultivated and operated in continuous-flow bioreactor under particle-size selective pressure

A novel method based on the selective pressure of particle size （particle-size cultivation method, PSCM） was developed for the cultivation and operation of aerobic granular sludge in a continuous-flow reactor, and compared with the conventional method based on the selective pressure of settling velocity （settling-velocity cultivation method, SVCM）. Results indicated that aerobic granules could be cultivated in continuous operation mode by this developed method within 14 days. Although in the granulation process, under particle-size selective pressure, mixed liquor suspended solids （MLSS） in the reactor fluctuated greatly and filamentous bacteria dominated the sludge system during the initial operation days, no obvious difference in profile was found between the aerobic granules cultivated by PSCM and SVCM. Moreover, aerobic granules cultivated by PSCM presented larger diameter, lower water content and higher specific rates of nitrification, denitrifieation and phosphorus removal, but lower settling velocity. Under long term operation of more than 30 days, aerobic granules in the continuous-flow reactor could remain stable and obtain good chemical oxygen demand （COD）, NH4^＋-N, total nitrogen （TN） and total phosphorus （TP） removal. The results indicate that PSCM was dependent on the cultivation and maintenance of the stability of aerobic granules in continuous-flow bioreactors.     

贫营养条件下17β-雌二醇厌氧生物降解规律研究

17β-雌二醇作为环境甾体雌激素污染的主要污染物之一,广泛分布于自然环境中。采用批次实验,研究了在贫营养条件下17β-雌二醇厌氧生物降解规律。结果表明,在贫营养条件下,厌氧污泥对17β-雌二醇的去除率达到90%(35℃,76 d),且降解作用主要集中在快速降解阶段,降解规律符合一级降解动力学模型(R2=0.95);厌氧污泥对17β-雌二醇的去除主要是通过转化为雌性效力较低的雌酮,再由雌酮转化为其他的转化产物,如17α-雌二醇;Fe(Ⅲ)对17β-雌二醇的去除和转化没有显著的影响。接种污泥的内源代谢作用产生甲烷,Fe(Ⅲ)的存在可以提高甲烷的产率,但对甲烷的总量没有显著影响。     

利用微型后生动物进行污泥原位减量的试验研究

在A/A/O普通活性污泥工艺中引入非寡毛类微型后生动物考察其生长条件和对剩余污泥的减量效果及对系统处理效果的影响。结果表明,当进水负荷小于0.5 mg(/mg MLSS·d)时,非寡毛类微型后生动物可大量生长;当内回流比升高、外回流比降低时,更有利于虫体的繁殖。经过适时的运行工艺调整可使生化系统虫体密度和稳定性提高,污泥减量效果可达到40%以上。非寡毛类后生动物的活动与摄食作用提高了系统污泥的沉降性能,并对系统出水COD、NH3-N、TN、TP、SS没有影响。。     

厌氧共代谢分解难降解有机物的研究进展

文章介绍了厌氧共代谢的提出、作用机制、调控研究及应用现状,从共代谢技术的基质类型、菌群结构和代谢途径三方面综述了国内外有关厌氧共代谢作用机制的研究现状、发展趋势,并着重分析了厌氧共代谢的调控技术和应用情况,展望了厌氧共代谢技术的未来研究方向,为解决难降解有机污染物的治理瓶颈提供借鉴和参考。     

UASB处理酒精废水耐冲击特性与颗粒污泥分析

针对UASB耐冲击能力低的问题,采用短暂冲击负荷的方法进行52 d中试研究,并考察接种絮状污泥的UASB对以污冷凝水为主要成分的酒精废水的处理效果,结果表明,UASB呈现较强耐冲击负荷能力;第49天产气速率最高,可达3.03 L/(L·d),反应器内形成了粒径0.5~1.5 mm的颗粒,电镜扫描的颗粒污泥结构致密,由多个杆状细菌形成网状结构。在夏季无保温措施、负荷冲击条件下培养颗粒污泥是可行的。