中国水泥生产工艺的生命周期对比分析及建议

为了定量分析各种水泥生产工艺造成的环境影响以及工艺替代时可能造成的环境问题转移,采用生命周期评价(Life Cycle Assessment,LCA)方法,建立了大型、中型、小型新型干法、传统立窑、新型半干法(JT窑)5种典型水泥生产工艺从原材料开采到熟料生产的生命周期模型,对比分析了以上工艺生命周期过程中能耗、温室效应、酸化、可吸入无机物等主要环境影响类型的差异,提出并计算了大型新型干法替代其他工艺时的"平衡运输距离",并推导了其一般表达式.结果表明,由于大型新型干法工艺氮氧化物排放较多,使得工艺替代时可能伴随着环境问题从能耗、温室效应向酸化、可吸入无机物等影响类型转移;同时,由于产能增加,大型新型干法工艺也可能导致环境影响从生产阶段向运输阶段转移.从本文的案例研究可以看出,LCA方法可以定量分析不同环境影响类型之间和不同生命周期阶段之间的环境问题转移,能为技术评价和相关政策制定及实现全社会节能减排目标提供科学的依据与建议.     

大型公共办公建筑节能案例分析

办公建筑节能在大型公共建筑节能中占有重要地位,本文通过对天津某大型公共建筑进行实地的建筑节能调研和测试,对目前办公建筑中存在的不节能现象和问题进行剖析,找到办公建筑节能的薄弱环节并进行分析指正。     

青海湖西北部泉吉乡附近土壤入渗规律研究

通过对青海湖 地区刚察县泉吉乡草地土壤入渗实验、孔隙度测定与粒度测定,研究了高 草地土壤与低草地土壤的入渗特征和土壤蓄水性。结果表明,研究区域内高草地土壤的稳定入渗 率较大,平均为3.1 mm·min^-1;低草地土壤的稳定入渗率较小,平均为1.6 mm·min^-1;高草地达 到稳定入渗的时间较低草地短80 min 左右。通用经验公式对青海湖泉吉乡高草地土壤入渗实验 数据的拟合最为适合,而霍顿公式对于低草地土壤入渗实验数据拟合最为适合。高草地草本植物 根系发育深,受根系影响的土壤疏松层较低草地深厚是造成高草地土壤渗透性较低草地大的主要 原因。青海湖土壤粒度成分较粗,土层薄是该区土壤稳定入渗率较黄土大和在较短时间内能够达 到稳定入渗状态的主要原因。虽然青海湖地区土壤渗透性较强,但该区土壤厚度较小,土壤水库 蓄水能力有限,调蓄能力较差,不能满足乔森林发育的需要,但基本能够满足草原植被生长的需要。     

用于湿法净化黑烟表面活性剂筛选的数学模型研究

湿法净化燃煤窑炉中的黑烟,关键在于表面活性剂对炭黑的润湿、增溶和降低表面张力作用.根据研究筛选的数学模型,计算AEO-9和SDBS混合表面活性剂溶液的亲水亲油平衡值HLB、临界胶束浓度CMC与胶束形成吉布斯自由能ΔG0mf.通过实验测得不同配比AEO-9和SDBS溶液的CMC和处于该CMC时黑烟的去除效率η,分析混合溶液中HLB、CMC、ΔG0mf与η的关系,建立新的数学模型.结果表明,理论CMC与实测CMC吻合度较好;HLB与ln[CMC]线性相关;ΔG0mf与η存在二次函数关系.降低CMC可以有效增大HLB,增加溶解度,减小形成胶束的吉布斯自由能,降低表面张力,使形成胶束的反应更容易自发进行,有效提高黑烟去除效率.     

城市重污染河道底泥对外源磷的吸附和固定机制

以重污染河道底泥和上覆水为材料,研究了周期性加入外源磷条件下,间歇扰动对底泥吸附和固定外源磷的作用机制.结果表明,扰动状态下,39d内底泥对外源磷的累积吸附量达到363.4 mg·kg-1,远高于静态试验(213.2 mg·kg-1).内源磷形态分析表明,扰动状态下底泥吸附的外源磷中超过61%被结合到铁铝结合态磷(Fe...     

Removal of bentazone from micro-polluted water using MIEX resin: Kinetics, equilibrium, and mechanism

The contamination of surface and ground water by bentazone has attracted increasing global concern in recent years. We conducted a detailed investigation using MIEX resin to eliminate bentazone from waters. Batch experiments were carried out to evaluate the e ect of process parameters, such as retention time, resin amount, and initial pesticide concentration, on removal e ciency of bentazone. Results showed the sorption process was fast and bentazone could be e ciently removed in 30 minutes. The kinetic process of bentazone sorption on MIEX resin was well described by pseudo second-order model and intraparticle di usion was the rate controlling step. The MIEX resin possessed the highest sorption capacity of 0.2656 mmol/mL for bentazone according to Langmuir fitting. Bentazone is a hydrophobic ionizable organic compound, and both ionic charge and hydrophobic aromatic structure governed the sorption characteristics on MIEX resin. The di erent removal e ciencies of ionic and non-ionic pesticides, combined with the charge balance equations of bentazone, SO4 2??, NO3?? and Cl??, indicated that removal of bentazone using MIEX resin occurred primarily via ion exchange.     

Biosorption of cesium（Ⅰ） from aqueous solution by a novel exopolymers secreted from Pseudomonas fluorescens C-2： Equilibrium and kinetic studies

The biosorption characteristics of Cs(I) ions from aqueous solution using exopolymers (PFC02) produced from Pseudomonas fluorescens C-2 were investigated as a function of pH, biosorbent dosage, contact time and initial concentration. pH played a major role in the adsorption process, and the optimum pH for the removal of Cs(I) was 8.0. Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) models were applied to describe the biosorption isotherm of the Cs(I) ions by PFC02. The Lagergren first-order, pseudo second-order kinetic and intraparticle diffusion models were used to test the kinetic data. Langmuir model and D-R model fitted the equilibrium data better than the Freundlich isotherm. The monolayer adsorption capacities of PFC02 as obtained from Langmuir isotherm at 25°C was found to be 32.63 mg/g. From the D-R isotherm model, the mean free energy was calculated as 26.73 kJ/mol, indicating that the biosorption of cesium was chemisorption. The biosorption process was rapid, and the kinetic rates were best fitted to the pseudo second-order model, which indicated the biosorption process operated through chemisorption mechanism. FT-IR analysis of PFC02 showed the possible functional groups responsible for cesium adsorption were hydroxyl, carboxyl, carbonyl and sulphonate groups. SEM analysis showed the porous structure of the material while EDX analysis confirmed the adsorption of Cs(I) on PFC02. Cesium adsorbed onto the PFC02 could be desorbed efficiently using 1 mol/L HNO3, and the enrichment factor was 50.0. Furthermore, PFC02 could be reused five times with only about 8.25% regeneration loss. The developed method was successfully utilized for the removal of Cs(I) ions from aqueous solution.     

地层对四氯化碳迁移影响的实验研究

四氯化碳（CT）在地下水中是一种持久性的有机污染物（POPs）,工业污水和残留在土壤中的CT一旦进入地下含水层,会长期影响人类的用水安全。了解土壤对CT的去除效能,以及CT在地层中的迁移规律,可以为地下水污染的风险评估和修复治理提供依据。为了研究CT在不同岩性地层中的运移规律,通过批量振荡平衡实验,对CT在地层中的吸附...     

利用第二缺氧段硝酸盐氮浓度作为MUCT工艺运行控制参数

以模拟生活污水为对象考察了第二缺氧段硝酸盐氮质量浓度(SNO-3)作为MUCT工艺运行控制参数的可行性.将进水COD质量浓度恒定为(290±10)mg.L-1,TN质量浓度恒定为(55±0.5)mg.L-1,TP质量浓度恒定为(7.0±0.5)mg.L-1,改变第二缺氧段硝酸盐氮质量浓度以比较各段出水TN和TP质量浓度.结果表明,SNO-3值显著影响着出水TN和TP质量浓度,控制内循环回流量维持SNO-3为2.5 mg.L-1,可实现MUCT工艺的最优控制.利用各段硝酸盐氮和TP平均质量浓度进行的物料平衡计算结果表明SNO-3是影响厌氧段释磷量、第一缺氧段和第二缺氧段硝酸盐氮反应量、第二缺氧段吸磷量的重要参数.     

次氯酸钙溶液脱硫脱硝一体化过程热力学分析

烟气脱硫脱硝一体化技术已成为当前大气污染防治领域的研究热点,其中氧化剂液相吸收法极有可能率先实现产业化。文章理论上首次提出了次氯酸钙溶液脱硫脱硝一体化技术,利用热力学函数计算分析了脱硫脱硝反应的方向和限度,通过SO2和NO平衡分压计算推导了污染物的脱除效率,考察标准吉布斯函数变分析了该技术的优势。结果表明:脱硫脱硝反应的标准吉布斯函数变分别为-614.55和-888.21 kJ/mol,热力学角度上完全可行,反应限度极深,优于文献中介绍的尿素、NaClO2、KMnO4/NaOH溶液吸收法和臭氧结合氨水吸收法。同时,SO2和NO平衡分压很小,说明次氯酸钙溶液几乎可以完全脱除烟气中的SO2和NOX。