密切跟踪科学判定——宁洱6.4级地震的预测预报工作

云南省地处印度板块与欧亚板块中国大陆的碰撞带东缘,地质构造运动剧烈,地震活动以频度高、震级大、分布广而著称,在4%的国土范围内承受了全国20%以上的地震灾害,是国内外地学研究者高度关注的地区之一。根据20世纪以来的地震活动资料统计,云南平均每年发生三四次5级地震,每3年发     

典型季风型温冰川消融期融水化学日变化特征

分析了玉龙雪山白水1号冰川区2009年8月29日～9月3日4 750 m处冰雪融水的pH、电导率、无机离子和δ18O的化学特征,结果表明,消融期日尺度上pH值受气温变化影响较大.碱性尘埃中的可溶盐溶解导致融水电导率增大.一天中消融速率快时δ18O值较低,消融速率慢时δ18O值较高.受岩石岩性和海洋水汽影响,研究区Na＋、K＋的平均浓度高于Μg2＋的平均浓度.融水中阳离子主要来源于石灰岩风化,属典型的碳酸盐溶滤水.融水中无机离子的总含量随气温的变化而变化,具有明显的周期性,但是不同可溶性离子对气温变化所导致的消融速率响应幅度不一致.局地岩石岩性、季风输送和人类活动是白水1号冰川融水中无机离子的主要来源.     

Speciation and bioaccessibility of lead and cadmium in soil treated with metal-enriched Indian mustard leaves

Indian mustard (Brassica juncea (L.) Czern.) has shown good potential for the phytoremediation of soil contaminated with heavy metals. However, there is little information about the speciation and bioaccessibility of heavy metals in soil during the decomposition of metal-rich Indian mustard leaves. Incubation experiments (1-, 3-, and 6-month) were carried out in Beijing and Hunan soil with metal-rich Indian mustard leaves addition (1% and 3%) and the e ects of mustard leaves addition on the speciation and bioaccessibility of heavy metals were studied. The results showed that the addition of mustard leaves led to significant increases in pH and DOC in the Hunan soil. Both 1% and 3% of mustard leaf amendment caused the percentage of the exchangeable (F1), precipitated with carbonates (F2), bound to Fe/Mn oxides (F3) and bound to organic matter (F4) fractions of Pb and Cd to increase dramatically, while the percentage of the residual fraction (F5) of Cd and Pb significantly dropped in both Beijing and Hunan soils. Mustard leaf addition caused the bioaccessibility of Pb to decrease in the gastric phase, whereas the values increased in the small intestinal phase. The Cd bioaccessibility increased with mustard leaf addition in both the gastric and small intestinal phases. In conclusion, the metal-enriched mustard leaves addition induces Pb and Cd concentrations and their mobility increasing in the Beijing and Hunan soils. Therefore, heavy metal risk in metal-enriched plant leaves should be considered in phytoremediation system in which heavy metal might be brought back to soil and changed over time.     

Distribution of cadmium in oilseed rape and Indian mustard grown on cadmium contaminated soil

Heavy metal distribution in the specialized accumulating plants was important for phytoextraction technique. Hydroponic and pot experiment were conducted to investigated Cd phytoextraction ability and Cd distribution in the plant of oilseed rape species. The results showed that oilseed rape Chuanyou Ⅱ-10 was more effective in phytoexetraction Cd among 21 varieties of oilseed rape and indicator plant Indian mustard. Cd concentration in the shoot of Chuanyou Ⅱ-10 and Indian mustard gradually decreased with an increase in growth period, while the amount of Cd uptake increased with the increase of growth period. There was constantly decrease in Cd concentration from the base leaves to the top leaves of Chuanyou Ⅱ-10 and Indian mustard, the percentages of Cd uptake in older leaves were higher than those of younger leaves. Older leaves of Chuanyou Ⅱ-10 and Indian mustard extracted more Cd for the Cd contamination soil, leaves should as far as possible develop before they reached the soil and the older leaves were harvested in priority.     

中国沿海城市空气污染指数的分布特征

根据沿海23个城市2001年6月至2005年6月四年的空气污染指数(API)资料,利用聚类分析和时间序列分析对API值及首要污染物数据进行统计分析,利用相关性分析探讨API值和气象因素的关系,初步揭示了中国沿海城市API的变化特征.聚类分析的结果可将研究区域分为北部、东南部和南部三个区域.中国沿海区域的API都明显受到降水和风速的影响,API与降水普遍成负相关,与风速成正相关.指出采暖期燃煤对北方地区冬季API的增大有显著影响.北部城市明显受沙尘暴天气的影响,东南部受季风和降雨因素的影响,南部受海洋性气候的季节性风力和降水影响,各区域API呈现出季节性变化.     

中国代际降水区域变化差异分析

利用中国气象中心160站点的夏季降水实际观察资料,对中国半个世纪的降水变化按年代进行了系统分析,并对各地的代际降水量变化趋势进行了区域对比。结果发现,降水变化幅度大的区域主要集中在季风区,而非季风区的年代际降水相对稳定。在多数情况下,以四川为中心的区域的降水量变化与东北的北部一致,东南沿海与渤海湾沿岸区域一致。季风区降水量变化的区域差异,可能既受季风的年代际强弱变化的影响,又受微地形的影响。     

ENSO对我国江南及印度降水影响的比较

根据近百年我国江南和印度的降水资料,对比分析了其各季降水与ＥＮＳＯ的关系。统计表明,Ｅ１Ｎｉｎｏ发生时印度夏季和秋季降水的减少最显著,分别比多年平均减少４．５％和６．０％,Ｌａ Ｎｉｎａ时则分别增加６．６％和８．１％。对我国江南降水影响最显著的是冬季,在Ｅ１ Ｎｉｎｏ事件时降水比多年平均偏多１８．５％,Ｌａ Ｎｉｎａ时则偏低了１７．７％。降水的年代际变化可以影响ＥＮＳＯ与降水的关系。９０年代江南处     

黄河北干流径流变化规律及其与气候的关系研究

为了明确黄河北干流的径流变化规律以及和季风的关系,研究将黄河北干流划分为3个河段(上游:河口-吴堡、中游:吴堡-龙门,下游:龙门-潼关),并将时间尺度分为小尺度(<10 a)、中尺度(10～20 a)和大(≥20 a)尺度,应用该区域1919～2006年4个水文站的年天然径流数据、亚洲季风指数和踞风指数,采用线性回归和...     

胶质芽孢杆菌对印度芥菜富集土壤Cd及土壤pH的影响

采用根袋法盆栽试验,研究接种活菌量浓度分别为1×1010 cfu·kg-1 (T1)和2×1010 cfu·kg-1(T2)的胶质芽孢杆菌,对印度芥菜富集土壤Cd、土壤有效态Cd含量及土壤pH的影响.结果表明,以不接种菌液作为对照,处理T1、T2地上部分生物富集系数分别为13.58、16.83,与对照相比分别提高42.95％、77.16％;地下部分生物富集系数分别为4.35、4.83,分别比对照提高24.64％、38.40％;土壤的净化率分别是对照的1.73、2.20倍.对照组土壤有效态Cd含量随着时间的延长而降低,根际和非根际土壤分别降低32.93％和45.54％;但T1和T2处理中,根际、非根际土壤有效态Cd含量分别提高15.15％、31.73％和36.54％、45.28％.收获时,处理T1、T2根际土壤pH降低率分别是对照的1.08、1.10倍.不同浓度胶质芽孢杆菌处理下土壤pH与有效态Cd含量均呈显著负线性关系.综上,胶质芽孢杆菌主要是通过改变土壤pH来影响土壤Cd生物有效性,从而促进超富集植物的修复效果.本研究可为微生物辅助植物修复重金属污染土壤提供一定理论依据和实践指导.     

印度气候变化展望

印度气候变化展望Ｒ．Ｋ．Ｐａｃｈａｕｒｉ，塔塔能源研究所所长，ＩｎｄｉａＨａｂｉｔａｔＣｅｎｔｒｅ，ＬｏｄｉＲｏａｄ，ＮｅｗＤｅｌｈｉ－１１０００３，Ｉｎｄｉａ自从全球变暖和气候变化威胁的论战进入重要全球问题领域而涉及全世界的科学界与政治界以来，塔塔...