污水处理厂达标外排水对受纳水体影响的研究

文章通过模拟实验发现污水处理厂达标外排水对受纳水体具有明显的生态效应。实验结果表明,水中有机物与叶绿素都随接纳水量而增加,COD除3#比对照低32％外,2、4和5#中COD分别比对照高93％、46％和46％;叶绿素除3群比对照低51．7％外,2、4和5#中叶绿素分别比对照高129．9％、106．5％和81．8％。总氮随接纳水量的增加而显著增加,而水中总磷与接纳废水量的关系并不显著。根据Redfield比值。判断,对照体系1#中氮磷相对平衡,而接纳水量最少的2#系统N起限制作用,随着接纳水量的进一步增加,磷则成为主要的限制性因素。同时,外排水对受纳水体溶解性无机盐的积累贡献明显,2#～5#体系在45d内TSS的相对积累率分别达到153．9％、118．3％、243．3％和312．6％。外排水对受纳水体底泥有机质含量的影响也十分显著,2#-5撑体系底泥中的有机物比对照体系都显著降低,分解速率平均提高3倍。这说明接纳水中的有机物并没有引起水体中有机物的沉降与积聚,反而促进了底泥中有机物的矿质化过程。     

共存物及其投加方式对Tween 80 在中砂上吸附损失的影响

通过静态吸附实验,研究了25℃条件下,表面活性剂冲洗液Tween 80在中砂上的吸附,以及CaCl2、SDS和木质素磺酸盐(木质素磺酸钠和木质素磺酸铵)对其吸附量的影响.结果表明,向Tween 80溶液中加入CaCl2和SDS都可以显著增加其吸附量.投加量越多,吸附量越大,当投加量达到一定程度后,吸附达到饱和,不会继续增大.SDS以预吸附的方式注入同样会导致Tween 80吸附量升高.而木质素磺酸盐与Tween 80共混则可大大降低Tween 80的吸附量.随着投加量的增加,Tween 80吸附量明显下降.在低投加比例(1:10)时,木质索磺酸铵效果较好,可以减少20%-75%的吸附量.而木质素磺酸钠只能减少10%-60%.当投加较高比例(1:2)时,两者都口1以明显降低Tween 80的吸附量,可达70%-90%.而采用木质素磺酸盐预吸附的方式注入的效果较混合注入要好,相同投加最的情况下,所降低Tween 80的吸附量是混合注入时的1.2-1.8倍.因此.在表面活性剂原位冲洗过程中用木质素磺酸盐进行预冲洗,能够减少表面活性剂吸附量,降低冲洗成本,可以作为原位冲洗过程中降低吸附损失的一种手段.     

复合生态滤床用于重金属污染地表水体修复

以蛭石为滤床基质,研究了复合生态滤床对受重金属污染地表水体的修复效能.结果表明,复合生态滤床对重金属污染水体有较好的处理效果,在水力负荷为2.0m.3m-.2d-1时,系统对Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd的平均去除率分别达到81.60%、80.55%、83.20%、62.21%;按照国家《地表水环境质量标准》(GB3838-2002),出水重金属浓度达到Ⅱ类水质标准;出水COD值为9.7～38.3mg·L-1,达到Ⅰ类水质标准;出水NH4+-N达到1mg·L-1以下,达到Ⅲ类水质标准.滤床基质中铜离子含量稳定在30mg·kg-1左右,表明植物根系可以有效地吸收蛭石吸附的重金属,从而有效提高蛭石的再吸附能力,延长滤床工作周期.     

城市景观水体富营养化及其控制

随着城市的发展及人们生活质量要求的不断提高,城市景观水体污染及富营养化问题越来越引起更多关注,景观水体治理工作迫在眉睫。本文着重分析了城市景观水体污染及富营养化的原因及危害,提出针对外源污染和内源污染的控制措施：补水水源控制、雨水污染控制、强化水体自然净化、建立生物净化生态系统等方法,以满足对城市景观水体富营养化控制的要求。同时指出针对不同的受污染的景观水体,应根据其具体情况,因地制宜地采取相应的措施加以控制,才能获得满意的处理效果。     

Laboratory simulation of SO2 heterogeneous reactions on hematite surface under di erent SO2 concentrations

The variations of sulfate formation and optical coe cients during SO2 heterogeneous reactions on hematite surface under di erent SO2 concentrations were examined using in situ di use reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) and ion chromatograph (IC). Laboratory experiments revealed that within ambient SO2 of 0.51–18.6 ppmv, sulfate product, producing velocity, absorption and backward scattering coe cients showed an increasing trend with SO2 concentration. Under given SO2 concentration, the velocity of sulfate producing performed an evolution of initial increasing, midterm decreasing and final stabilizing. The reactive uptake and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) uptake coe cients of heterogeneous reactions rose with SO2 and exhibited high reactivities. Considering global warming, this result is important for the knowledge of heterogeneous reactions of SO2 on mineral particle surface in the atmosphere and the assessment of their impacts on radiative forcing.     

中国轻工业清洁生产中心

中国轻工业清洁生产中心（以下简称“中心”）专注于环境和能源领域．是一家从事环境政策法规与技术标准、循环经济与清洁生产、废水与水体净化关键技术、能源效率评估与改进、中小企业节能减排、工业污染场地调查与修复的研究机构。     

Material conversion from paper sludge ash in NaOH solution to synthesize adsorbent for removal of Pb^2＋, NH^4＋ and PO4^3- from aqueous solution

Material conversion from paper sludge ash (PSA) in NaOH solution was attempted to synthesize the adsorbent for removal of inorganic pollutants, such as Pb2+, NH4 + and PO4 3?? from aqueous solution. PSA of 0.5 g was added into 10 mL of 3 mol/L NaOH solution, and then heated at 80, 120, and 160°C for 6–48 hr to obtain the product. PSA mainly composed of two crystalline phases, gehlenite (Ca2Al2SiO7) and anorthite (CaAl2Si2O8), and amorphous phase. Hydroxysodalite (Na6Al6Si6O24 8H2O) was formed at 80°C, and anorthite dissolved, whereas gehlenite remained una ected. Katoite (Ca3Al2SiO4(OH)8) was formed over 120°C, and hydroxycancrinite (Na8(OH)2Al6Si6O24 2H2O) was formed at 160°C, due to the dissolution of both gehlenite and anorthite. Specific surface areas of the products were almost same and were higher than that of raw ash. Cation exchange capacities (CECs) of the products were also higher than that of raw ash, and CEC obtained at lower temperature was higher. Removal abilities of products for Pb2+, NH4 +, and PO4 3?? were higher than that of raw ash.With increasing reaction temperature, the removal e ciencies of Pb2+ and NH4 + decreased due to the decrease of CEC of the product, while removal e ciency for PO4 3?? was almost same. The concentrations of Si and Al in the solution and the crystalline phases in the solid during the reaction explain the formation of the product phases at each temperature.     

Cyanobacteria-/cyanotoxin-contaminations and eutrophication status before Wuxi Drinking Water Crisis in Lake Taihu, China

After the appalling “Wuxi DrinkingWater Crisis”, increasing investigations concerning the contaminations of cyanobacterial blooms and their toxins in Lake Taihu have been performed and reported in the last two years. However, information regarding these issues before the crisis in 2007 remained insu cient. To provide some background data for further comparisons, the present study reported our investigations conducted in 2004, associated with the cyanotoxin contaminations as well as the eutrophication status in Lake Taihu. Results from the one-year-study near a drinking water resource for Wuxi City indicated that, unlike the status in recent two years, cyanobacteria and chlorophyta are the co-dominance species throughout the year. The highest toxin concentration (34.2 ng/mL) in water columns occurred in August. In bloom biomass, the peak value of intracellular toxin (0.59 g/mg DW) was determined in October, which was lag behind that in water column. In addition, MC-RR was the major toxin variant throughout the year. During the study period, nutrients levels of total nitrogen and phosphorus were also recorded monthly. Results from the present study will lead to a better understanding of the eutrophication status and the potential risks before “Wuxi Drinking Water Crisis”.     

甲醇衍生法测定环境水体中八种酸性除草剂

文章建立了一种测定环境水体中8种酸性除草剂残留量的分析方法。1 000 mL样品在pH<2的情况下由乙醚分三次萃取后,萃取液经脱水,K-D浓缩至约1 mL,转移到衍生瓶中。在衍生瓶中补加2 mL正己烷、1 mL甲醇、8滴浓硫酸,80℃水浴加热1 h,进行甲醇衍生化处理,衍生后的样品运用气相色谱-质谱联用-分段选择离子扫描技术测定,内标法定量。结果表明:8种除草剂在0.05～2.5μg/L范围内线性均良好;方法灵敏度高,检出限均低于或等于0.02μg/L;方法的准确度和精密度高,在0.10、0.50、1.00、1.50μg/L添加水平下所有除草剂的回收率均在82.07%～116.99%之间,相对标准偏差RSD≤7.68%;经实际样品检测,可用于测定环境水体中酸性类除草剂的残留量。     

油类突发环境事件引起的思考

油类污染事故频有发生,造成的经济损失、生态环境的破坏、人体健康的危害不可低估。我国在2005～2009年5年中公开报导的油类突发污染事件共有95起,涉及到84个县市,其中77起是人为因素引起的,18起是企业违法造成的,污染到水系的有72起。文章就此阐述了油类突发污染事件对水环境、人类和植物造成的风险与危害,提出了相关的建议。只有政府、企业与公众3方负责,才能有效防范和化解突发事件对环境造成的破坏。