模拟配水管网中管材和余氯对生物膜形成的影响

以环状生物膜挂片反应器(BAR)模拟实际管网,研究了有氯、无氯2种原水情况下,镀锌钢、铸铁、不锈钢、PE、UPVC5种管材上细菌的生长规律.结果表明,单位面积最大细菌数,镀锌钢>铸铁>UPVC>不锈钢>PE;在无氯原水的试验中,达到单位面积最大细菌数所需天数,镀锌钢>(铸铁、不锈钢)>UPVC,PE管上细菌没有较大增加.加氯可控制镀锌钢、PE、UPVC上细菌的生长速度,此外,3种金属管材会发生锈蚀,引起水浊度、色度上升;PE是防止微生物在管壁生长最理想的管材;不锈钢则是值得选择的金属材料.     

厌氧氨氧化启动过程及微生物群落结构特征

采用UASB反应器以体积比1∶2接种实验室培养的具有厌氧氨氧化(ANAMMOX)功能的厌氧污泥和城市污水厂的好氧污泥,耗时17 d成功启动ANAMMOX反应,启动阶段分为菌体水解期、活性提高期和稳定运行期.稳定运行后,逐步提高反应器容积负荷富集厌氧氨氧化菌,当容积负荷由0.10 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1)增至0.44 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1)时,总氮(TN)去除负荷也随之由0.09 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1)提高到0.42 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1),反应器污泥逐渐由浅红色加深,粒径大于0.2 mm的污泥所占比例由10.90%增至38.37%.采用高通量测序对接种污泥和负荷提高期的污泥进行检测,其中绿曲挠菌门(Chloroflexi)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、WWE3门、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)等占据主导.随着厌氧氨氧化菌富集程度的增大,脱氮功能菌中的变形菌门所占比例逐渐减少,从21.60%降至14.20%,而浮霉菌门随之增多,相对丰度由0.73%升至15.50%.当反应器的容积负荷增到0.44 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1)时,浮霉菌门中,Candidatus Brocadia属、Candidatus Jettenia属和Candidatus Kuenenia属是主要菌属,Candidatus Brocadia属占13.40%,是主要的厌氧氨氧化菌属.     

滴流床催化湿式氧化苯酚的动力学

通过自行设计制作的滴流床反应器,研究了苯酚在以CuO/γ-Al₂O₃为催化剂的催化湿式氧化反应.结果表明,在相对温和的操作条件(温度180 ℃,压力3 MPa,液相流量1.668 L·h^-1,气相流量160 L·h^-1)下,苯酚的去除率均达到90%以上.苯酚的降解曲线与自催化反应的S型曲线类似,符合自由基链反应机理.所建立的活塞流拟均相反应器模型能很好地拟合苯酚催化湿式氧化反应过程.还研究了苯酚初始浓度、苯酚水溶液流量及反应温度对反应结果的影响.     

聚噻吩改性阴极强化电极生物膜反应器去除硝酸盐机制研究

为进一步提高电极生物膜反应器的脱氮效能,采用导电聚合物聚噻吩(PTh)和电子穿梭体蒽醌-2,6-二磺酸二钠(AQDS)改性阴极材料石墨毡,系统研究了不同碳氮比(C/N)条件下,改性电极的应用对BER体系的脱氮效能、电极表面生物相和体系微生物群落结构等方面的影响.结果表明,应用PTh与AQDS协同处理石墨毡的BER体系的NO~-_3-N去除速率和效能均明显优于未处理电极体系,在HRT=4 h、C/N为2.0时NO~-_3-N的去除率达到90.0%以上.PTh/AQDS改性石墨毡电极的生物膜与电极的比重为0.26±0.04,其值为对照组的2.4倍,证明了PTh/AQDS改性后电极具有更优的生物相容性.应用PTh/AQDS改性电极的BER具有更好的微生物丰富度和多样性,AQDS促进了特定微生物Thauera_mechernichensis(24.6%)的富集和亚硝酸盐还原酶的活性,保障了BER体系的反硝化效能.     

EGSB反应器回流方式改变的对比实验研究

厌氧颗粒污泥的培养和保持是EGSB反应器使用中的关键问题.通过改变常规EGSB反应器出水回流方式,将出水与回流水在沉淀区分离,能得到更好的水力条件,离散率更高,并且反应器内的死区减少,有效颗粒污泥的质量分数能提高13%,出水SS最大降低65 mg/L,从而有利于厌氧反应器内有效颗粒污泥的生长和更有效地去除污染物.     

气升式反应器内流场动力学特性PIV试验研究

气升式反应器内气液两相流动力学特性对提高传质效率和降低运行成本有重要意义.基于粒子图像测速(PIV)技术,在改变曝气强度的条件下,分析距曝气管不同位置处反应器轴向各区域的液相流场、雷诺应力以及气泡动力学特性.结果表明,曝气强度对液相流场和雷诺应力的影响较大,在一定范围内增加曝气强度可以使得液相速度和雷诺应力值增加.同时分析了4mm孔径下圆帽状气泡的动力学特性.     

Inorganic nitrogen removal of toilet wastewater with an airlift external circulation membrane bioreactor

Removal of inorganic nitrogen (inorganic-N) from toilet wastewater, using a pilot-scale airlift external circulation membrane bioreactor (AEC-MBR) was studied. The results showed that the use of AEC-MBR with limited addition of alkaline reagents and volumetric loading rates of inorganic-N of 0.19-0.40 kg inorganic-N/(m3·d) helped achieve the desired nitrification and denitrification. Furthermore, the effects of pH and dissolved oxygen (DO) on inorganic-N removal were examined. Under the condition of MLSS at 1.56-2.35 g/L, BOD5/ammonia nitrogen (NH/-N) at 1.0, pH at 7.0-7.5, and DO at 1.0-2.0 mg/L, the removal efficiencies of NH4 -N and inorganic-N were 91.5% and 70.0%, respectively, in the AEC-MBR. The cost of addition of alkaline reagent was approximately 0.5-1.5 RMB yuan/m3, and the energy consumption was approximately 0.72 kWh/m3 at the flux of 8 L/(m2·h).     

曝气量对SBAR中好氧颗粒污泥特性的影响

采用SBAR反应器对比研究了颗粒化后表观气速为1.8 cm·s-1和0.9cm·s-1时对成熟好氧颗粒污泥形态结构、粒径、强度等物理特性和硝化性能以及胞外聚合物代谢的影响.结果表明,颗粒化后降低曝气量增加颗粒形态不规则程度,空隙增大;55d试验中,与高曝气量下相比,降低曝气量使表观污泥产率提高33%,颗粒粒径平均增长速率提高25%,相对颗粒强度降低6%, EP5含量平均降低12%.两反应器颗粒污泥SVI值均在10～15 mL·g-1,沉降性能良好,且均具有良好硝化性能和降解COD能力.与高曝气量下相比,低曝气量下硝化菌群活性低,而异养菌活性高.     

UBF反应器处理低浓度生活污水的启动研究

文章对上流式厌氧污泥床-厌氧滤池反应器在常温下(25±1℃)处理低浓度生活污水进行了启动试验研究。反应器经过约60d的启动后,在水力停留时间(HTR)为4.17h、进水容积负荷为3.08kgCOD/m·3d时,其COD去除率稳定在90%左右,产气率为0.135m3/m·3d,出水pH值与挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)总量分别在6.65～6.96与8.4～13.3mg/L之间波动,整个系统运行稳定。     

Enhanced struvite recovery from wastewater using a novel cone-inserted fluidized bed reactor

The feasibility of struvite recovery at low （12.5 mg/L） and high （120 mg[L） phosphorus concentrations was studied by constructing a novel fluidized bed reactor with cones （FBRwc） and without cones （FBRwoc）. The crystallization process was continuously operated for 133 days under different hydraulic retention times （HRT = 1-10 hr）, pH （7.5-10）, and molar ratios of Mg/P （0.75-1.75）, N/P （1-10） and Ca/Mg （0-2）. The optimum operating conditions of HRT, pH, Mg/P and N/P molar ratios were found to be 2 hr, 9, 1.25, and 7.5, respectively. Under these optimum conditions, the phosphorus precipitation efficiencies of FBRwc were 93% for low and 98% for high phosphorus influent; however, the efficiencies were 78% and 81% for FBRwoc, respectively. Due to crystal losses at each junction （17%-31%）, the crystal recovery efficiency of FBRwoc was relatively low （47%-65%） for both influent concentrations. However, the losses were minimal in FBRwc, which showed 75% and 92% crystal recovery for low and high phosphorus concentrations, respectively. At low calcium concentration, crystal chemical analysis showed the product to be pure struvite （〉 99%）. The scanning electron microscope and X-ray diffraction results further confirmed that the crystal recovered from FBRwc contained pure struvite, which could be considered a high quality fertilizer. Except HRT, all parameters （pH, Mg/P, N/P and Ca/Mg） were found to be influencing factors for FBRwc performance. Overall, inserting cones in each part of the reactor played a significant role in enhancing struvite recovery from a wide range of phosphorus-containing wastewater.