沿海国对专属经济区船舶污染的管辖权

国际社会仍须通过和利用《联合国海洋法公约》规定的修订机制,对相关条款加以修订,以促进沿海国对海洋环境管辖权的有效行使。这将减少国家之间的争端,更好地保护海洋环境。     

可降解共混塑料在海水中的光降解研究

可降解共混塑料因价格低廉而得到广泛应用,然而共混塑料在海水中的光降解和微塑料的形成有待深入研究.因此,本文以聚乙烯/碳酸钙(PE/CaCO₃)和聚乙烯/热塑性淀粉(PE/TPS)共混塑料为研究对象,聚乙烯(PE)作为对照,通过机械研磨制备微塑料,研究微塑料在天然海水中阳光照射下的光降解.结果表明,相同风化条件下,共混塑料比PE更容易产生小粒径的颗粒.光降解后老化共混塑料表面的碎片、颗粒明显多于PE.光降解后PE的ATR-FTIR和C1s XPS光谱没有明显变化;PE/CaCO₃因光氧化形成含氧官能团C—O;PE/TPS的TPS特征峰减弱,表明TPS光降解.结合3种微塑料接触角、表面电势的变化可知,老化共混塑料对亲水性污染物的吸附能力可能比PE更强.综上所述,可降解共混塑料在海洋环境中的光降解程度高于PE,海洋环境风险可能更大,应谨慎推广.     

澜沧江沉积物氨氧化及反硝化微生物丰度

为了探究梯级水库开发对河流沉积物中氮循环微生物的影响,本文针对澜沧江流域氨氧化细菌(AOB)、氨氧化古菌(AOA)和nirS型反硝化微生物丰度进行了研究,采集了云南省盐井至橄榄坝19个点位的沉积物样品,测定了研究区域内自然河流、水库河段、重要支流的AOB-amoA、AOA-amoA和nirS基因的丰度,同时测定了沉积物、间隙水及水体理化因子.结果显示:19个点位沉积物AOB-amoA基因丰度范围为0.82×10⁷～4.25×10⁷copies/g,AOA-amoA基因丰度范围为0.83×10⁷～6.87×10⁷copies/g,nirS基因丰度范围为0.72×10⁷～7.32×10⁷copies/g;AOA/AOB介于0.35～2.17之间,AOA在数量上相比于AOB并不占优势.AOA-amoA、AOB-amoA和nirS丰度在自然河段、水库段和支流没有显著差异,说明人工水利设施的建设对氨氧化微生物丰度空间分布并无显著影响.沉积物间隙水氨氮、总磷和总氮是影...     

末次间冰期以来渭河盆地沉积相变化及其影响

渭河盆地南依秦岭、北邻黄土高原,保存了巨厚的风尘河湖相沉积序列,是研究新生代气候环境演化的理想场所.以位于西安凹陷区域的西安市鄠邑区正庄村获取的14 m钻孔岩心作为研究对象,通过与邻近的渭南黄土剖面粒度曲线和全球LR04深海氧同位素曲线对比,构建了岩心序列的年代标尺,利用粒度、磁化率等指标探讨风尘-湖相沉积对风力和水动力的不同响应.对粒度测试结果采用威布尔分布(Weibull-distribution)拟合方法,提取了4个粒度组分指示不同沉积相及变化,结果表明:(1)西安凹陷鄠邑地区在末次间冰期结束时发生了一次沉积相变,由湖泊沉积转向风成沉积;(2)尽管沉积相发生变化,粒度指标对沉积环境变化响应仍然敏感,与黄土和石笋记录可良好对比,揭示出末次间冰期以来渭河盆地沉积环境的显著变化.     

航空电连接器海洋环境加速试验与腐蚀仿真研究

目的 通过加速试验和有限元仿真,研究航空电连接器在南海岛礁服役条件下的失效行为和腐蚀机理.方法 根据典型航空装备南海服役环境数据,设计海洋环境加速腐蚀试验环境谱,基于此环境谱开展航空电连接器在实验室加速试验条件下的外观腐蚀、接触电阻、绝缘电阻和耐压强度的变化行为和机理研究.重点分析接触电阻变化原因,并基于水平集方法,建立插针插孔结合处的COMSOL有限元腐蚀仿真模型,模拟和验证接触件的腐蚀行为和机理.结果 3种规格的电连接器均发生壳体腐蚀,但程度不同,其中不锈钢壳体电连接器壳体腐蚀最轻,但壳体内部金属卡圈腐蚀最严重,其接触电阻波动最大.所有电连接器的耐压强度和绝缘电阻均有明显减小.结论 导致接触电阻增加的直接原因是插针和插孔结合处的毛细区内发生了严重腐蚀.有限元模型复现了腐蚀界面发展和腐蚀产物沉积过程.     

Quantity and activity of ammonia-oxidizing archaea and bacteria and their contribution to ammonia oxidation in farmland soil of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau北大核心CSCD

Ammonia oxidation, the first and rate-limiting step of nitrification, is mainly performed by ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB). However, the activities of AOA and AOB in soil and their relative contribution to ammonia oxidation are unclear, and whether there is a significant correlation between the quantity of AOA and AOB and the ammonia oxidation rate is also controversial. In this study, quantitative PCR combined with acetylene (C2H2) and 1-octyne inhibition methods were used to determine the quantity and activity of AOA and AOB in wheat, highland barley, and oilseed rape soils in Nyingchi, Lhatse, Sangzhuzi, and Sangri counties on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The results showed that the quantity of AOB ((2.34 ± 0.84) ×105 - (2.65 ± 1.07) ×106 copies g-1 dry soil) was significantly higher than that of AOA ((0.20 ± 0.10) ×104 - (4.02 ± 0.39) ×104 copies g-1 dry soil) in all the soil samples. Soil pH was the key factor affecting the quantity of AOB, and the total phosphorus and ammonium nitrogen in soil were the key factors affecting the quantity of AOA. The rates of ammonia oxidation in the farmland soils of Lhatse (2.42 ± 0.73 mg kg-1 d-1) and Sangzhuzi (3.24 ± 1.15 mg kg-1 d-1) were significantly higher than those in the soils of Nyingchi (1.17 ± 0.43 mg kg-1 d-1) and Sangri counties (0.88 ± 0.57 mg kg-1 d-1). The rates of ammonia oxidation in the farmland soils of Lhatse and Sangzhuzi were dominated by AOB, while those in the farmland soils of Nyingchi and Sangri counties were dominated by AOA. For crops, the ammonia oxidation rates of wheat and oilseed rape soils in all four regions were significantly higher than those of highland barley soil, whereas the activity of AOA and AOB was not influenced by crops. The ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus was the key factor influencing AOA activity, whereas soil pH and total carbon were the main factors influencing AOB activity. Additionally, the quantities of AOA and AOB were not significantly correlated with the total ammonia oxidation rates and AOA and AOB activity. Overall, our study suggests that both AOA and AOB play important roles in ammonia oxidation in farmland soils of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Moreover, it is unreliable to predict the activity of AOA and AOB and their relative contribution to ammonia oxidation directly based on their number of amoA genes, and the activity of AOA and AOB should be directly and accurately measured. These results are important for understanding ammonia nitrogen removal processes, slowing nitrate loss, and reducing the emission of the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide in the farmland ecosystem of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. © 2022 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

生物标志物在全新世古气候和古环境研究中的应用进展

全新世作为最年轻的一个地质年代,其气候环境变化与人类社会发展息息相关。回顾了近年来全新世古气候和古环境研究的进展,总结了重建古气候和古环境的常用方法,重点介绍了生物标志物包括萜类化合物、长链烯酮、甘油二烷基甘油四醚、甾醇、烷基酯类、木质素和色素在该领域的应用,并提出了开发新型生物标志物、构建多指标体系,以及与地球微生物学、生物化学、微生物学等相关学科开展交叉研究等展望。     

无独有偶

记得在《世界环境》杂志今年第五期的封面上看过一幅绘画．画面是数不尽的高楼大厦．参差不齐．鳞次栉比。但在画面的最低处．在摩天大楼的重围中只有一处“不起眼“的矮小古建筑物和几棵少得可怜的绿树．它们几乎要被现代高大建筑所湮灭。这幅画无疑向人们清楚地表达了城市化带来的弊端之一——传统建筑的消失。     

磺胺嘧啶对纯膜MBBR氨氧化性能及氨氧化菌群的影响

通过向NH₄⁺-N质量浓度为30 mg·L^-1的合成废水中投加不同剂量磺胺嘧啶(SDZ)(0、1、3、5、7和10 mg·L^-1),比较了SDZ浓度对一台60 L单级纯膜移动床生物膜反应器(pure MBBR)的氨氧化速率、amo A基因丰度和氨氧化细菌(AOB)种群结构的影响,揭示了磺胺嘧啶对纯膜MBBR系统中氨氧化作用的影响机制。结果表明:1～3 mg·L^-1的SDZ显著提升了纯膜MBBR系统的氨氧化速率(P<0.05),出水NH₄⁺-N质量浓度可降低至(0.19±0.10) mg·L^-1;5～10 mg·L^-1的SDZ仍能促进NH₄⁺-N去除,但氨氧化速率变化相对平缓。相比于氨氧化古菌(AOA),AOB为纯膜MBBR氨氧化的主导者,AOB amo A基因丰度是AOA amo A基因丰度的12.2～168.5倍。1～10 mg·L     

大型底栖动物污染指数(MPI)

根据2000年至2002年在深圳湾、厦门西海域、罗源湾、兴化湾潮间带和潮下带获得的85个取样站次大型底栖动物数据，参考丰度生物量比较法(ABC)，建立了评价海洋环境质量的大型底栖动物污染指数(MPI)．MPI的计算式是：MPI=10^(2 k)[∑(Ai—Bi)]/S^1 k，式中Ai和Bi分别是密度和生物量优势度大小顺序的第i个累积百分优势度的数值，S为采集到的物种数，K为常数，K=|∑(Ai-Bi)|/∑(Ai-Bi)，当∑(Ai—Bi)为正数时，K=1:∑(Ai-Bi)为负数时，K=-1．MPI越小。沉积环境越清洁．反之，污染越严重．MPI的优点是实现ABC法的数字化，而且反应灵敏，评价结果比种类多样性指数(H)更符合实际．