燃气管道的安全管理

压力管道是生产、生活中广泛使用的可能引起燃爆或中毒事故的危险性较大的特种设备。燃气管道作为压力管道的一种，其特点为多埋于地下，经过人口密集区，施工与检验、检修难度大，受地理条件的限制及外界原因的影响，易发生火灾、爆炸或中毒事故，造成较大的社会影响及危害。目前，北京市外管网燃气管线已达7000千米。因此，对燃气管道存在的安全问题进行分析，提出有效的防范措施，对确保北京市燃气管网安全、稳定、正常供气具有重要的现实意义。     

温度对合成钛酸盐纳米材料的影响及其对水中Cd (Ⅱ)的去除效果

为有效去除水中Cd（Ⅱ）,以TiO₂纳米粉和NaOH为原料,调节水热反应温度分别为100、120、150和190℃,制备出了不同形貌的TNs（钛酸盐纳米材料）,分别记为TNs-100、TNs-120、TNs-150和TNs-190,并对其形貌、结构、比表面积、化学组成等物理化学性能进行了表征;通过对水中Cd（Ⅱ）的静态吸附试验,考察了TNs对Cd（Ⅱ）的吸附性能.结果表明:随着合成温度的升高,TNs的形貌逐渐从纳米片演变成纳米管,管长逐渐变长,最后变成纳米棒.TNs-100的晶型结构主要是锐钛矿型;随着温度升高,结晶度逐渐增强;TNs-190出现了部分金红石相.TNs-150对Cd（Ⅱ）的吸附能力最强,最大平衡吸附量为254.66 mg/g,最佳吸附pH为5.0.再生的TNs-150对Cd（Ⅱ）循环吸附6次的去除率和解吸率均可达93%以上.TNs-150对Cd（Ⅱ）的吸附过程符合准二阶动力学方程和Langmuir吸附等温模型,吸附机制主要是TNs层间Na+和H+与溶液中Cd（Ⅱ）的离子交换.研究显示,TNs的饱和吸附量均高于同类吸附剂,能有效去除水中Cd（Ⅱ）.      

基于PLAXIS软件对燃气管道回填施工方案的安全性评估

为研究燃气管道回填施工过程中管道的受力情况,利用岩土有限元分析软件PLAXIS 3D,构建了地基-管道-回填材料-施工荷载的动力响应数值模型,设计了多种工况情景以及对应的施工机械动力荷载的数学表达形式,并对燃气管道回填施工各结构层压实过程中多种不利工况下管道的动力响应进行了数值模拟计算与分析,提出了管道安全性的评价准则并对管道的安全性进行了评估。结果表明:按照该回填施工方案,施工过程中管道的应力范围在35 MPa以内,管道压应变竖向位移小于5mm,管道处于安全范围。通过分析不同地基土体参数以及管道参数下管道的动力响应,得到了各影响因素对管道应力和位移的影响规律,可为深入了解管道在不同荷载作用下的动力响应及回填施工方案设计提供依据。     

城市燃气管道项目环境风险评价难点

本文总结了城市燃气管道工程在环境风险评价中的难点。对于公用的中压和高压燃气管道,且公称直径≥200mm为重大危险源;结合物质危险性、环境敏感地区和重大危险源识别,可以判定评价级别;一级和二级评价范围距管道中心线两侧分别不低于500m和300m;定量风险评价的基础泄漏概率利用COVO和挪威船级社(DNV)的统计数据;风险预测采用国际金融组织贷款建设项目环境保护文件汇编推荐的多烟团模型。     

Iron and lead ion adsorption by microbial flocculants in synthetic wastewater and their related carbonate formation

Although microbial treatments of heavy metal ions in wastewater have been studied, the removal of these metals through incorporation into carbonate minerals has rarely been reported. To investigate the removal of Fe^3＋ and Pb^2＋, two representative metals in wastewater, through the precipitation of carbonate minerals by a microbial flocculant （MBF） produced by Bacillus mucilaginosus. MBF was added to synthetic wastewater containing different Fe^3＋ and Pb^2＋ concentrations, and the extent of flocculation was analyzed. CO2 was bubbled into the mixture of MBF and Fe^3＋/Pb^2＋ to initiate the reaction. The solid substrates were analyzed via X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. The results showed that the removal efficiency decreased and the MBF adsorption capacity for metals increased with increasing heavy metal concentration. In the system containing MBF, metals （Fe^3＋ and Pb^2＋）, and CO2, the concentrated metals adsorbed onto the MBF combined with the dissolved CO2, resulting in oversaturation of metal carbonate minerals to form iron carbonate and lead carbonates. These results may be used in designing a method in which microbes can be utilized to combine CO2 with wastewater heavy metals to form carbonates, with the aim of mitigating environmental problems.     

城市燃气管道系统安全管理模式探讨

我国城市燃气管道系统的安全管理目前基本上还是采用传统的安全管理模式,注重安全技术的研究,使得安全管理处于管理跟着事故跑的被动管理状态。本文打破了传统的安全管理模式,将现代企业管理的思想、管理方式与安全系统工程理论相结合,提出了"321"以人为根本的城市燃气管道系统安全管理模式,形成了"以人为根本、竞争为核心、文化做保障"的管理状态,并在注重安全技术管理的同时,强调组织文化在系统安全管理中的重要地位,以期解决我国城市燃气管道系统中长期存在的安全管理的断点、难点问题。     

燃煤、燃气锅炉综合效益模糊评价及分析结果——以乌鲁木齐市集中供热锅炉为例

以乌鲁木齐市某集中供热站锅炉节能减排方案为例,通过建立供热锅炉实施方案综合评价指标体系,运用层次分析法确定方案各项指标权重,利用模糊综合评判法分别从锅炉燃煤、燃气情况下的环境效益、经济效益以及设施能耗、物耗等指标着手,进行综合评价,并对集中供热锅炉燃煤与燃气方案综合评判结果进行分析,最终评选出较优实施方案。评选结果表明:燃气方案综合效益较好,可有效实现节能减排,为今后燃气锅炉建设提供一定的参考作用。     

RCA工具在燃气透平发电机组故障排查与维保体系中的应用

燃气透平发电机组是石油开采设施配置电站时常用机组,其正常运转和维保直接关系到石油生产和生活。本文介绍了始于上世纪90年代末引入设备管理领域的RCA(根本原因分析法)工具的概念和实施过程以及燃气轮机机组维保体系现状,同时通过两例详细的RCA过程实践,提出了将RCA工具引入燃气轮机维保体系中的应用策略或推广方案,构建了RCA工具参与下的维保体系模型。     

Efficient dechlorination of chlorinated solvent pollutants under UV irradiation by using the synthesized TiO2 nano-sheets in aqueous phase

Titanium dioxide(TiO2), which is the widely used photo-catalyst, has been synthesized by simple hydrothermal solution containing tetrabutyl titanate and hydrofluoric acid. The synthesized product has been applied to photo-degradation in aqueous phase of chlorinated solvents, namely tetrachloroethene(PCE), trichloroethene(TCE) and 1,1,1-trichloroethane(TCA). The photo-degradation results revealed that the degradation of these harmful chemicals was better in UV/synthesized TiO2 system compared to UV/commercial P25 system and UV only system. The photo-catalytic efficiency of the synthesized TiO2 was 1.4, 1.8 and 3.0 folds higher compared to the commercial P25 for TCA, TCE and PCE degradation, respectively. Moreover, using nitrobenzene(NB) as a probe of hydroxyl radical(.OH), the degradation rate was better over UV/synthesized TiO2, suggesting the high concentration of.OH generated in UV/synthesized TiO2system. In addition,.OH concentration was confirmed by the strong peak displayed in EPR analysis over UV/synthesized TiO2system. The characterization result using XRD and TEM showed that the synthesized TiO2 was in anatase form and consisted of well-defined sheet-shaped structures having a rectangular outline with a thickness of 4 nm, side length of 50 nm and width of 33 nm and a surface 90.3 m2/g. XPS analysis revealed that ≡Ti-F bond was formed on the surface of the synthesized TiO2. The above results on both photocatalytic activity and the surface analysis demonstrated the good applicability of the synthesized TiO2 nano-sheets for the remediation of chlorinated solvent contaminated groundwater.     

Dyes adsorption using a synthetic carboxymethyl cellulose-acrylic acid adsorbent

Removal of noxious dyes is gaining public and technological attention. Herein grafting polymerization was employed to produce a novel adsorbent using acrylic acid and carboxymethyl cellulose for dye removal. Scanning electron microscopy and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy verified the adsorbent formed under optimized reaction conditions. The removal ratio of adsorbent to Methyl Orange, Disperse Blue 2BLN and malachite green chloride reached to 84.2%, 79.6% and 99.9%, respectively. The greater agreement between the calculated and experimental results suggested that pseudo second-order kinetic model better represents the kinetic adsorption data. Equilibrium adsorptions of dyes were better explained by the Temkin isotherm. The results implied that this new cellulose-based absorbent had the universaiity for removal of dyes through the chemical adsorption mechanism.