基于三维荧光光谱-平行因子技术联用的湖泊浮游藻化学分类学研究

浮游藻荧光分析技术因其能够实现现场、快速、低成本测定而受到广泛研究和应用.本研究以浮游藻活体三维荧光光谱(EEM)为基础,利用平行因子(PARAFAC)和CHEMTAX发展了浮游藻群落组成荧光分析技术.首先,将PARAFAC模型应用于23种浮游藻的EEM,通过残差分析、荧光成分谱形分析等方法确定浮游藻EEM由12个荧光成分组成;然后,利用Bayesian判别分析表明浮游藻12个荧光成分的组成具有明显的门类特征性;最后,以获得的12个荧光成分构建浮游藻"荧光成分比值矩阵",结合CHEMTAX建立浮游藻荧光识别分析技术.通过测试表明,该技术对531个单种藻样品的平均识别正确率是99.1%,其中,绿藻的识别正确率为97.5%,其余藻的识别正确率为100%.对于95个实验室混合样品,优势藻和次优势藻的平均识别正确率分别为98.5%和90.5%;测定的平均相对含量分别为69.7%和26.4%.结果表明,本研究所建立的EEM-PARAFAC-CHEMTAX方法能够实现浮游藻群落组成的快速定性定量测定.     

大气棕色碳的研究进展与方向

有机气溶胶是大气气溶胶的重要组成部分.近年来,部分有机气溶胶被证实在紫外-近可见光波段能进行有效光吸收.吸光有机气溶胶(即棕色碳)已成为当前国际大气环境领域的研究热点之一,其吸光贡献对辐射强迫、区域空气质量、全球气候变化的影响备受关注.中国城市群区域大气复合污染严重,2013年1月以来,大尺度区域能见度降低、灰霾现象频繁发生.研究表明,中国大气棕色碳的负荷高,其重要贡献源类如生物质与化石燃料燃烧等排放量大,棕色碳在中国大气细颗粒物总消光中的贡献及其辐射强迫亟需评估.然而,棕色碳的基础研究还较为薄弱,特别是对它的组成及来源的认识仍十分有限.本文旨在指出在中国开展大气棕色碳研究的紧迫性和必要性,并从棕色碳的来源、组成、测量方法、浓度分布、光学特性、辐射强迫贡献等角度介绍目前国际研究进展,提出现有问题与不足,以及对未来研究方向的建议,以促进对棕色碳的认识与了解,为中国在该领域的研究提供参考和依据.     

烧结过程NOx和SO2形成规律及烧结料组成对NOx排放的影响

采用烧结杯实验方法,研究了烧结过程NOx和SO2的形成规律,以及焦粉含量、含水率和添加助剂对烧结过程NOx排放的影响.结果表明,烧结启动后,烧结带自上而下逐层推进,烧结带以下各断面NOx浓度基本相同.烧结带产生的SO2先被待烧结料吸附蓄积,再被热解析出,最后从底部排出,因此只在烧结最后阶段出口能检测到较高浓度的SO2,且SO2浓度与时间的关系呈倒V形曲线.烧结过程产生的NOx以热力型为主,而且绝大部分为NO,NO2浓度非常低.降低焦粉含量和含水率,或添加烧结助剂均有助于降低NOx排放.     

中国水体硝酸盐氮氧双稳定同位素溯源研究进展

由于人类活动影响,水体硝酸盐(NO-3)污染已经成为世界范围内的环境问题.结合NO-3中δ15N、δ18O双稳定同位素技术、其他环境同位素以及化学分析技术,可以定量评价地表水、地下水、降水中NO-3不同来源贡献率、硝化/反硝化过程,为水体NO-3污染治理提供了有利依据.本文综述了国内外NO-3中δ15N、δ18O分析测试技术、NO-3污染源δ15N、δ18O特征值、应用δ15N、δ18O进行地表水、地下水溯源研究进展.目前,国内已经成功应用离子交换-AgNO3法和细菌反硝化法开展水体NO-3污染来源的同位素示踪研究.综合分析NO-3污染源中δ15N表明,我国粪肥及污水NO-3的δ15N为3‰～17‰,土壤中NO-3的δ15N为3‰～8‰、大气降水中NO-3的δ15N为-9‰～9‰、化肥中NO-3的δ15N为-2‰～4‰,化肥中NH+4的δ15N为-4‰～2‰.对地表水、地下水中的NO-3溯源研究表明,污水、粪肥已经成为我国水体NO-3污染的重要来源,中国的城市污水、农业水产养殖对地表水水体NO-3污染带来了严重的影响.未来应结合长期监测、δ15N和δ18O双同位素技术和水化学分析技术,提高NO-3不同来源的比例、季节动态定量评价水平,为我国水环境管理提供有效依据.     

西苕溪流域地表水与地下水相互作用特征!

为探寻西苕溪地表、地下水体的来源和补排关系,对西苕溪流域丰水期和平水期的地表、地下水进行了氢氧同位素(δD和δ18O)组成分析,并结合水体的水化学参数,推断其来源和补排关系。结果表明:西苕溪流域地表、地下水体主要接受降雨补给,在上游山区中的泉水运移过程较为缓慢,上游地表水与地下水补排关系不明显;中游丘陵地区地表、地下水体相互联系紧密,具体补排关系为3号、4号、6号样点处地表水接受地下水补给,其余样点处为地表水补给地下水;下游农田密集区地下水接受河水补给较少。     

In-vehicle VOCs composition of unconditioned, newly produced cars

The in-vehicle volatile organic compounds （VOCs） concentrations gains the attention of both car producers and users. In the present study, an attempt was made to determine if analysis of air samples collected from an unconditioned car cabin can be used as a quality control measure. The VOCs composition of in-vehicle air was analyzed by means of active sampling on Carbograph 1TD and Tenax TA sorbents, followed by thermal desorption and simultaneous analysis on flame ionization and mass detector （TD-GC/FID-MS）. Nine newly produced cars of the same brand and model were chosen for this study. Within these, four of the vehicles were equipped with identical interior materials and five others differed in terms of upholstery and the presence of a sunroof; one car was convertible. The sampling event took place outside of the car assembly plant and the cars tested left the assembly line no later than 24 hr before the sampling took place. More than 250 compounds were present in the samples collected; the identification of more than 160 was confirmed by comparative mass spectra analysis and 80 were confirmed by both comparison with single/multiple compounds standards and mass spectra analysis. In general, aliphatic hydrocarbons represented more than 60% of the total VOCs （TVOC） determined. Depending on the vehicle, the concentration of aromatic hydrocarbons varied from 12% to 27% of total VOCs. The very short period between car production and sampling of the in-vehicle air permits the assumption that the entire TVOC originates from off-gassing of interior materials. The results of this study expand the knowledge of in-vehicle pollution by presenting information about car cabin air quality immediately after car production.     

Variations in stable hydrogen and oxygen isotopes in atmospheric water vapor in the marine boundary layer across a wide latitude range

The newly-developed cavity ring-down laser absorption spectroscopy analyzer with special calibration protocols has enabled the direct measurement of atmospheric vapor isotopes at high spatial and temporal resolution. This paper presents real-time hydrogen and oxygen stable isotope data for atmospheric water vapor above the sea surface, over a wide range of latitudes spanning from 38°N to 69°S. Our results showed relatively higher values of 8180 and 82H in the subtropical regions than those in the tropical and high latitude regions, and also a notable decreasing trend in the Antarctic coastal region. By combining the hydrogen and oxygen isotope data with meteoric water line and backward trajectory model analysis, we explored the kinetic fractionation caused by subsiding air masses and related saturated vapor pressure in the subtropics, and the evaporation-driven kinetic fractionation in the Antarctic region. Simultaneous observations of meteorological and marine variables were used to interpret the isotopic composition characteristics and influential factors, indicating that d-excess is negatively correlated with humidity across a wide range of latitudes and weather conditions worldwide. Coincident with previous studies, d-excess is also positively correlated with sea surface temperature and air temperature （Tair）, with greater sensitivity to Tair. Thus, atmospheric vapor isotopes measured with high accuracy and good spatial- temporal resolution could act as informative tracers for exploring the water cycle at different regional scales. Such monitoring efforts should be undertaken over a longer time period and in different regions of the world.     

Particle number concentration, size distribution and chemical composition during haze and photochemical smog episodes in Shanghai

The aerosol number concentration and size distribution as well as size-resolved particle chemical composition were measured during haze and photochemical smog episodes in Shanghai in 2009. The number of haze days accounted for 43%, of which 30% was severe （visibility 〈 2 km） and moderate （2 km 〈 visibility 〈 3 km） haze, mainly distributed in winter and spring. The mean particle number concentration was about 17,000/cm3 in haze, more than 2 times that in clean days. The greatest increase of particle number concentration was in 0.5-1μm and 1-10 μm size fractions during haze events, about 17.78 times and 8.78 times those of clean days. The largest increase of particle number concentration was within 50-100 nm and 100-200 nm fractions during photochemical smog episodes, about 5.89 times and 4.29 times those of clean days. The particle volume concentration and surface concentration in haze, photochemical smog and clean days were 102, 49, 15 μm3/cm3 and 949, 649, 206 μm2/cm3, respectively. As haze events got more severe, the number concentration of particles smaller than 50 nm decreased, but the particles of 50-200 nm and 0.5-1μm increased. The diurnal variation of particle number concentration showed a bimodal pattern in haze days. All soluble ions were increased during haze events, of which NH4, SO24- and NO3 increased great/y, followed by Na＋, IC, Ca2＋ and CI-. These ions were very different in size-resolved particles during haze and photochemical smog episodes.     

大伙房水库生态系统动态变化遥感分析

在2000年、2005年和2010年遥感数据支持下,通过对生态系统类型的辨识,获得大伙房水库饮用水源保护区生态系统类型数据,并从生态系统组成、变化及变化特征3个方面对其进行深入分析。结果表明:近10年来,大伙房水库饮用水保护区内森林和水体与湿地减少,人工生态系统增加,面积变化相对较小。自然生态系统的破坏在2000~2005年间比2005~2010年间严重,且集中在一级保护区外,以准保护区内居多。     

中国创新战略思想十年流变

专业委员会引领创新思潮 2004年9月29日,经中华人民共和国民政部批准,中国发展战略学研究会创新战略成立专业委员会。从2004到2013年,任期共两届：第一届由30名委员组成;2008年,更换1／3委员,组成了第二届专委会。