Absorptive Capacities for Sustainability Technologies： Perspectives from the BRICS and China

For the development process in the rapidly growing economies, knowledge transfer and technology cooperation are becoming important issues. Research and technological competences are key indicators for the absorptive capacity of sustainability technologies and for the ability to export them. These issues are analyzed empirically for Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa （BRICS）. Sustainability related research in BRICS is mostly carried out within broader, more sector oriented programmes. Specialization patterns of international patents and in foreign trade indicate various strengths and weaknesses of the BRICS countries. The differences within the countries imply that the analysis must proceed at a technology specific level. China has considerable capabilities in technologies such as photovoltaics, solar thermal or buildings. There is a strong need for strategic positioning of the countries and for coordination of the various policy fields involved.     

喷雾填料塔DBU溶液吸收CO_2研究

文章通过搭建一个模拟工业吸收CO2的喷雾填料塔,探究1,8-二氮杂双环[5,4,0]十一碳-7-烯(DBU)吸收液浓度、液气比、气体温度、入口CO2浓度对CO2吸收的影响。研究发现,DBU浓度从1%增加到25%,CO2脱除率(η)从18.24%增加到96.6%,增幅明显;随着液气比的增加(从7L/m3增加到57L/m3),η从31.29%增大到90.14%;气体温度在25~40℃时,η从90.14%增加到95.71%,在40~60℃时,从95.71%下降到84.55%;入口CO2浓度从4.5%增加到15%,η从93%下降到50%。DBU吸收液浓度和入口CO2浓度升高,CO2吸收能力逐渐增大;液气比增加,CO2吸收能力先增后减;气体温度升高,CO2吸收能力逐渐减小。     

纳米复合ZnO-TiO2晶体的制备及其光电催化性能研究

采用溶胶一凝胶法制备了纳米复合半导体ZnO—TiO2薄膜，并进行了结构和光电催化性能的测试。TiO2薄膜对五氯酚溶液的光电催化降解结果表明：当输入正向偏压后，其光催化性能有较大提高。由于ZnO的掺入，半导体薄膜电极的光吸收能力增强；同时，Zn^2 可能作为光生载流子的浅俘获中心，导致表面界面电荷转移加速，从而延长光生电子／空穴对的寿命并抑制其复合，有效地提高了TiO2薄膜光电催化活性。     

碳化对焚烧飞灰“减污降碳”协同处置潜力研究

为探究我国不同地区生活垃圾焚烧飞灰“减污降碳”协同处置潜力,选取我国8个典型地区的飞灰为研究对象,采用加速碳化试验模拟飞灰长期填埋场景,通过重金属浸出试验探究碳化前后其重金属浸出浓度的变化情况,通过热重分析研究其对CO₂的实际吸收能力,同时基于Steinour方程研究2009—2021年我国飞灰对CO₂的理论吸收能力. 结果表明:通过浸出试验得知加速碳化后飞灰中重金属Zn、Cd的浸出浓度分别下降了10%~18%和9%~30%,其中上海市和河南省飞灰样品中Zn的浸出浓度已低于生活垃圾填埋场入场要求. 《生活垃圾焚烧污染控制标准》(GB 18485—2014)的发布实施导致飞灰中碱性成分占比上升,使得飞灰对CO₂的吸收潜能增至标准发布之前的约1.38倍. 以贵州省、上海市、山东省、北京市、广东省、辽宁省、河南省、天津市8个不同地区的飞灰样品为例,通过Steinour方程推算得到2020年我国飞灰对CO₂的理论吸收量达339.93×104 t,约占2020年我国碳排放总量的0.034%. 对上海市、北京市及河南省3个飞灰样品进行加速碳化试验,通过热重曲线得到飞灰在碳化前后CaCO₃分解段的失重率,进一步推算出2020年我国飞灰对CO₂的实际吸收量达16.34×104 t,占其理论吸收量的4.8%,飞灰对CO₂的实际吸收量小于其理论吸收量的主要原因是,在加速碳化过程中产生的碳酸钙及其他聚合物包裹飞灰,使外部CO₂难以进入飞灰内部. 研究显示,加速碳化对飞灰“减污”效果明显,但“降碳”效果仍需对碳化场景以及预处理过程的工艺参数进行优化,以期最大限度地提高飞灰对CO₂的实际吸收能力.      

广州市郊区农业土壤重金属生物有效性

调查了广州市郊区农业土壤以及该土壤上生长的蔬菜的重金属含量情况，分析测定了Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Ni、Cd、As和Hg这8种重金属元素的全量和有效态含量。结果表明，同种蔬菜对不同的重金属有不同的吸收能力，不同蔬菜对同种重金属的吸收能力亦有差异。即使在同一种土壤中，各种蔬菜对不同重金属的富集能力有很大的差别。而对于同一种蔬菜，在不同的土壤中对同一种重金属的吸收能力也不相同。     

来自细胞工程技术的不同低磷耐受性玉米自交系磷营养特性分析

通过大田试验研究了5份不同低磷耐受性的玉米自交系在苗期、拔节期、籽粒成熟期的磷营养特征.结果表明:低磷条件下,磷吸收效率是玉米苗期和籽粒成熟期耐低磷特性差异的主要来源,而拔节期耐低磷特性则由磷吸收效率和利用效率共同决定.成熟期磷效率相关性分析表明,磷吸收效率与磷效率呈显著正相关,磷吸收效率是决定此时期磷效率的主要因素之一.在低磷条件下,来自细胞工程的4份玉米自交系与对照齐319相比,籽粒产量和磷响应度均存在较大差异,其中自交系SD-B和SD-C产量较高,分别为齐319的140倍和132倍.从籽粒产量和植株磷含量两方面来看, SD-B和SD-C可能为磷高效率高响应型. 低磷胁迫下, SD-B、 SD-C在不同生育期与其它3个自交系相比,均表现出磷吸收能力强的特点.     

Effects of phosphate on the adsorption of glyphosate on three different types of Chinese soils

Glyphosate （GPS） is a non-selective, post-mergence herbicide that is widely used throughout the world. Due to the similar molecular structures of glyphosate and phosphate, adsorption of glyphosate on soil is easily affected by coexisting phosphate, especially when phosphate is applied at a significant rate in farmland. This paper studied the effects of phosphate on the adsorption of glyphosate on three different types of Chinese soils including two variable charge soils and one permanent charge soil. The results indicated that Freundlich equations used to simulate glyphosate adsorption isotherms gave high correlation coefficients（0.990-0.998） with K values of 2751, 2451 and 166 for the zhuanhong soil（ZH soil, Laterite）, red soil（ RS, Udic Ferrisol） and Wushan paddy soil（WS soil, Anthrosol）, respectively. The more the soil iron and aluminum oxides and clay contained, the more glyphosate adsorbed. The presence of phosphate significantly decreased the adsorption of glyphosate to the soils by competing with glyphosate for adsorption sites of soils. Meanwhile, the effects of phosphate on adsorption of glyphosate on the two variable charge soils were more significant than that on the permanent charge soil. When phosphate and glyphosate were added in the soils in different orders, the adsorption quantities of glyphosate on the soils were different, which followed GPS-soil 〉 GPS-P-soil = GPS-Soil-P 〉 P-soil-GPS, meaning a complex interaction occurred among glyphosate, phosphate and the soils.     

Cadmium uptake and speciation changes in the rhizosphere of cadmium accumulator and non-accumulator oilseed rape varieties

Characteristics of cadmium (Cd) uptake kinetics and distribution of Cd speciation in the rhizosphere for Cd accumulator and non-accumulator oilseed rape varieties were investigated under nutrient solution and rhizobox soil culture conditions. The results showed that the maximal influx (V_max) for Cd²⁺ andK_m were significantly different for the two oilseed rape varieties. The value of V_max for Cd accumulator oilseed rape Zhucang Huazi was two-fold greater than that for oilseed rape Chuan you II-93. The exchangeable Cd concentration in the rhizosphere was significantly lower than in non-rhizospheric soils supplemented with CdSO₄ for both the varieties. Carbonate-bound Cd in the rhizosphere of Cd accumulator oilseed rape was significantly higher than that in the rhizosphere of non-accumulator oilseed rape and non-rhizospheric soil. Cd accumulator oilseed rape had a higher Cd²⁺ affinity and more ability to uptake insoluble Cd in the soil than the non-accumulator oilseed rape.