共代谢基质强化微生物修复四氯乙烯污染地下水

针对微生物修复地下水中四氯乙烯(tetrachloroethylene,PCE)周期长的问题,通过添加共代谢基质强化微生物修复技术以提高修复速率。以某污水处理厂的厌氧活性污泥为菌种来源,采用振荡培养法进行PCE高效降解菌群的驯化和筛选,对微生物降解PCE的温度、初始pH和PCE初始浓度3种影响因素进行了条件优化;使用甲醇、乙醇、葡萄糖、酵母浸膏以及乳酸钠作为共代谢基质,研究了不同共代谢基质条件下微生物群落对PCE的降解规律,并建立了反应动力学模型。结果表明:在种水平上,梭状芽孢杆菌Clostridium sp. FCB45是优势菌种;PCE初始浓度为1 mg·L-1,pH在中性,温度为30℃,共代谢基质为酵母浸膏时,微生物群落的降解效果最好,PCE降解率可高达96.75%,降解速率常数最高可达0.327 d-1;添加共代谢基质强化的微生物降解过程全部符合一级反应动力学模型。添加共代谢基质的微生物实验结果表明,添加共代谢基质可以有效缩短微生物修复周期,对污染地下水的原位生物修复具有一定的参考价值。     

Solubilization and degradation of perchloroethylene （PCE） in cationic and nonionic surfactant solutions

Solubilization of perchloroethylene (PCE) in a nonionic (Triton X-100) and a cationic (cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB)) surfactant solutions and the degradation of surfactant solubilized PCE using fine to nanosize Fe and bi-metallic Fe-Ni particles were investigated. Micelle partition coefficients (Km) and molar solubility ratio (MSR) for PCE in 10 g/L of surfactant solutions have been quantified and the solubility of PCE (100 mg/L in water) in the surfactant solutions increased by about ten fold. Of the two surfactants studied, Triton X-100 solubilized the higher amount of PCE per gram of surfactant. To degrade solubilized PCE, both iron and bimetallic Fe-Ni particles were used in continuously stirred batch reactors. The iron and bi-metallic particles were synthesized using the solution method and the particles were characterized using the SEM, EDS, TEM and XRD. The PCE solubilized up to 500 mg/L in both surfactant solutions were totally degraded at various rates by 200 g/L of bi-metallic Fe-Ni particles in less than 20 hr, which is the highest concentration of PCE degraded in the shortest time compared to data in the literature. The degradations of PCE solubilized in surfactant solutions were represented by nonlinear kinetic relationships which depended on the type of surfactant used for solubilizing the PCE.     

A reactor system combining reductive dechlorination with cometabolic oxidation for complete degradation of tetrachloroentylene

A laboratory sequential anaerobic-aerobic bioreactor system, which consisted of an anaerobic fixed film reactor and two aerobic chemostats, was set up to degrade tetrachloroethylene (PCE) without accumulating highly toxic degradation intermediates. A soil enrichment culture, which could reductively dechlorinate 900/zM ( ca. 150 mg/L) of PCE stoichiometrically into cis-l, 2-dichloroethylene ( cis-DCE), was attached to ceramic media in the anaerobic fixed film reactor. A phenol degrading strain, Alcaligenes sp. 115, which can efficiently degrade cis-DCE by co-metabolic oxidation, was used as inocuhim for the aerobic chemostats consisted of a transformation reactor and a growth reactor.The anaerobic fixed film bioreactor showed more than 99 % of PCE transformation into cis-DCE in the range of influent PCE concentration from 5μM to 35μM at hydraulic retention time of 48h. On the other hand, efficient degradation of the resultant cis-DCE by strain R5 in the following aerobic system could not be achieved due to oxygen limitation. However, 54% of the maximum cis-DCE degradation was obtained when 10μmol of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2 ) was supplemented to the transformation reactor as an additional oxygen source. Further studies are needed to achieve more efficient co-metabolic degradation of cis-DCE in the aerobic reactor.     

石油类测试中不同品牌四氯乙烯试剂的稳定性

多年来四氯乙烯试剂的稳定性一直是业内关注的难题,其稳定性显著影响《水质 石油类和动植物油类的测定 红外分光光度法》(HJ 637—2018)的实施。针对市场上8个品牌四氯乙烯试剂开瓶后的吸光度开展测试,研究四氯乙烯试剂稳定性。结果显示:科密欧化学试剂有限公司、国药集团化学试剂有限公司、南京化学试剂股份有限公司、天津基准化学试剂有限公司、天津傲然精细化工研究所和吉林市吉联油脂化工有限公司6家厂商生产的"环保级"等相关级别四氯乙烯试剂稳定性较好,在开瓶7周时间内可以满足《水质 石油类和动植物油类的测定 红外分光光度法》(HJ 637—2018)标准中针对四氯乙烯试剂的要求。Sigma Aldrich和Alfa Aesar品牌四氯乙烯试剂虽然稳定性较好,但吸光度不满足上述标准中针对该试剂的要求,不可用于该方法检测。通过采取相关工艺(如提高纯度、调整溶剂的酸碱度、添加稳定剂等),可提升四氯乙烯试剂稳定性。该研究成果可为《水质 石油类和动植物油类的测定 红外分光光度法》(HJ 637—2018)标准中四氯乙烯试剂的保存时间及使用等提供一定参考。     

甲醇为共代谢基质时四氯乙烯的厌氧生物降解

四氯乙烯(PCE) 在厌氧条件下通过还原脱氯发生生物降解.本文研究以甲醇作为共代谢基质时PCE的降解情况.结果表明:在微生物的作用下PCE还原脱氯为TCE和DCEs,可能有VC和乙烯.因此,DCEs、VC和乙烯可能是PCE降解的终产物.PCE、TCE的降解和TCE的生成都符合准一级动力学.PCE和TCE的反应速率常数K分别为0.8991d^-和0.068 d^-;半衰期分别为0.77d和10.19d,TCE的生成速率常数为0.1333d^-.表明PCE的脱氯速度大于TCE,而TCE的生成速率大于降解速率,所以在整个实验期间都有TCE存在.     

四氯乙烯和对二氯苯对草鱼的联合毒性

采用水生污染暴露试验和水生毒理联合效应相加指数法,研究了四氯乙烯(PCE)和对二氯苯(P-DCB)对草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)的单一毒性与联合毒性.结果表明,PCE和P-DCB的单一毒性均为高毒,且P-DCB的毒性大于PCE.PCE和P-DCB对草鱼的联合染毒在浓度1:1时,暴露时间为24,48,72,96h的相加指数(AI)分别为0.26,0.37,0.78,0.98,联合毒性为相加作用.PCE与P-DCB对草鱼的联合染毒在毒性1:1时,暴露时间为24,48,72,96h的AI分别为-0.15,0.24,0.83,1.30,联合毒性主要是相加作用,但是随着染毒时间的延长,联合毒性由相加作用向协同作用转变.     

丹麦重新评估四氯乙烯人类健康影响

<正>2014年4月14日丹麦环保署发布了一份报告,重新评估了四氯乙烯暴露的人类健康影响。该报告对一项2001年研究进行了更新,并包括了一项针对环境空气中存在的四氯乙烯的质量标准建议。该报告评估了是否应基于关于四氯乙烯的生殖毒性和致癌作用的新数据、评定和评估,对目前基于健康的空气质量标准进行修订。它指出,目前在全国乃至世界范围内进行的争论都围绕这些作用。该研究还考虑     

气相色谱法测定空气中三氯乙烯和四氯乙烯

应用气相色谱法以５％ＰＥＧ－６０００为固定液、６２０１为担体填充柱分离,电子捕获检测器检测,直接进样测定环境空气中三氯乙烯和四氯乙烯。对０．０２９ｍｇ／ｍ＾３四氯乙烯标准样作重复５次测定,其相对标准差分别为５．７％和１．５％,并在实际样品中进行加标回收试验,回收率三氯乙烯在９０％～１１０％、四氯乙烯在９４％～１０８％之间。检测限分别为０．００６ｍｇ／ｍ＾３和０．０００５ｍｇ／ｍ＾３,完全能满足环境     

广州市街道空气中四氯化碳、三氯乙烯和四氯乙烯的暴露特征

该此研究分别于5月和8月在广州市主要的交通干道进行空气样品采集,并运用吹扫-捕集GC-MSD系统对其进行定性和定量分析。文章对样品中的四氯化碳、三氯乙烯和四氯乙烯等卤代烃化合物在街道微环境中的浓度水平;化合物含量的月、周末与非周末、上午与下午等的时间变化和新旧城区的空间分布特征进行了探讨。     

采用筛板塔吹脱模拟处理四氯乙烯污染地下水

利用自主设计的筛板塔装置模拟吹脱四氯乙烯(PCE)污染废水,综合考察了影响吹脱的各因素(气液体积比、初始浓度和筛板数等),同时对吹脱工艺条件进行了优化,并建立了吹脱模型.研究表明:25.68mg/L PCE废水经吹脱后出水浓度降至0.62mg/L,去除率可达97.59%;气液比对废水的吹脱效果影响很大, 且最佳气液比在200左右;PCE初始浓度对去除率的影响并不明显;采用4层塔板时PCE去除效果较好;实验数据很好地遵从一级衰变模型;吨水吹脱成本约为0.31元,可作为后续生化处理的预处理工艺.