大龙潭水电站扩建小机组释放生态流量

恩施大龙潭水利枢纽于1995年5月完成环境影响评价,2003年8月开工建设,2006年5月建成投入使用,2006年10月进行竣工环保验收,验收审查时专家组发现,大坝下游至清江与带水河汇入口约700 m清江江段出现脱水现象,环保主管部门提出通过技术改造使大龙潭水利枢纽直接释放生态流量至电站坝下游,通过技术经济论证,大龙潭水利枢纽工程实施在水库大坝左岸8#坝段,将一处原用于龙凤坝自来水供给的预留管道口管道上追加连接一根长107 m直径为1.4 m的管道,将大坝上游的水引至左岸导流洞,在导流洞出口处安装一台1 600 kW小机组发电将出水直接放坝下游清江,使该河段电站坝下游脱水状态得到了恢复,经济和环境效益明显。     

洞庭湖平原典型水稻土氮素固持动态及氮的残留形态

以洞庭湖平原2个典型水稻土（红黄泥和紫潮泥）为对象,采用¹⁵N示踪技术,研究了淹水培养条件下稻草+硫铵配施（S+¹⁵NA）和单施硫铵（¹⁵NA）土壤微生物和粘土矿物对化肥氮的固定与释放及氮的残留形态.结果表明,淹水培养条件下B_N（SMBN）总体变化趋势是在培养前期达到峰值,而后逐渐下降,最后趋于稳定.固定态铵在整个试验期间变化相对较小,但也随培养时间的延长而减少.淹水培养条件下, B_N 以原有B_N为主.标记底物B_N的比例红黄泥为0.30%～6.67%;紫潮泥为1.00%～3.47%.微生物同化的标记底物硫铵氮的比例红黄泥为0.15%～20.65%,紫潮泥为2.06%～15.93%;有机无机配施处理(S+¹⁵NA)均大于单施化肥(¹⁵NA),红黄泥S+¹⁵NA处理平均为6.78%,高于红黄泥¹⁵NA处理;紫潮泥S+¹⁵NA处理（10.78%）也高于紫潮泥¹⁵NA处理.粘土矿物对标记底物氮的固定率,红黄泥为2.48%～10.57%,紫潮泥为12.55%～30.04%.红黄泥S+¹⁵NA处理平均为7.14%,低于红黄泥¹⁵NA 处理;紫潮泥S+¹⁵NA处理（21.53%）也低于紫潮泥¹⁵NA处理.淹水培养条件下底物硫铵氮的残留率均大于30%,有机无机配施处理提高了无机氮的残留率.红黄泥底物氮的残留形态主要为酸解有机氮（>72%）,而紫潮泥以酸解有机氮(44.0%～53.2%)和固定态铵(35.2%～37.5%)为主,两种土壤底物氮矿质氮形态残留在10%～20％之间.研究表明土壤对外源无机氮的固定与释放是一个动态的过程,施肥方式和土壤粘土矿物组成对该过程有重要影响.化肥和秸秆配合施用能增强微生物对无机氮的同化,降低土壤粘土矿物对无机氮的固持.有机无机配施处理在降低化肥氮损失的同时提高了酸不溶性氮态的残留率,降低了无机氮形态(固定态铵和矿质氮)的残留.     

设施叶菜类蔬菜重金属镉、铅和砷累积特征及健康风险评价

近年来京津冀地区春季扬沙、秋冬季节雾或霾频发,大气可吸入颗粒物尤其是PM2.5可负载镉铅砷等重金属,易被叶菜类蔬菜(叶菜)吸收并在可食部位累积,设施叶菜类蔬菜可食部位重金属的累积是否同样受大气沉降的影响.对此,以京津冀地区常见6种叶菜类蔬菜——菠菜、油麦菜、生菜、小白菜、茼蒿和茴香为主要对象,采用田间试验,探索了大棚叶...     

用植物去除环境污染

本文介绍了去除土壤及地下水中有害物质的一种新方法－用植物去除有害物质，同时对此种方法的优缺点及经济效益进行了具体的分析。     

地下水污染修复的可渗透性反应墙技术

系统介绍了一种新的地下水污染治理技术——渗透性反应墙，阐述了可渗透反应墙的类型、活性材料的选取、反应机理，可渗透反应墙的构建、应用实例以及存在问题等，并展望了其今后还需深入研究的方向，认为其是一种非常有发展前景的环境污染修复技术。这将为在我国开展该方法的研究和应用打下基础。     

Co-transport of dissolved organic matter and heavy metals in soils induced by excessive phosphorus applications

To evaluate the e ects of long-term applications of phosphorus fertilizers on mobility of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and heavy metals in agricultural soils, a sandy soil and a loamy soil were spiked with ammonium phosphate at application rates of 0, 25, 50, 100, 250, and 500 mg P per kilogram of soil. A series of 15-cm long soil columns were constructed by packing incubated soils of varying concentrations of P. The soil columns were consecutively leached by simulated rainfalls for six cycles. The contents of water extractable organic carbon in both sandy and loamy soils increased significantly with increasing rates of P applications. Relatively high rates of P applications could induce a marked increase in DOM concentrations in the leachates, the e ects were larger with the sandy soil rather than with the loamy soil. Applications of P changed the partitioning of trace metals in the soil solids and the soil solutions. The increased P application rates also seemed to elevate the leaching of Cu, Cd, and Zn from soils. The concentrations of Cu, Cd, and Zn in the leachates were positively correlated with DOM, probably due to the formation of metal-DOM complexes. In contrast, Pb concentrations in the leachates were negatively correlated with DOM, and decreased with increasing rates of P applications. The boosted leaching of DOM induced by high rates of P applications was probably due to the added phosphate ions competing for adsorption sites in the soil solids with the indigenous DOM.     

厌氧菌对硝基苯污染河道底泥的修复研究

在厌氧条件下,以长期受硝基苯（NB）污染的化工厂排污口底泥和河道底泥混合为菌源,分离纯化出4株能厌氧降解硝基苯的细菌。其中菌株N-O在低温（10℃）条件下可以快速去除20 mg·L^-1的硝基苯。在松花江（吉林市段）底泥中分别接种10 mL·L^-1、20 mL·L^-1、30 mL·L^-1、40 mL·L^-1（菌悬液/处理溶液）N-O菌进行NB降解研究,结果表明接种30 mL·L^-1时,N-O菌对底泥中NB的降解效果明显,72h内达到了NB的完全去除;但是该菌对降解副产物苯胺（AN）几乎没有去除效果,寻求在厌氧环境下同步降解NB、AN的优势菌,将非常迫切。     

Spatial variability of organochlorine pesticides （DDTs and HCHs） in surface soils from the alluvial region of Beijing, China

The spatial variability in the concentrations of 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis-(p-chlorophenyl) ethane (DDT) in surface soils was studied on the basis of the analysis of 131 soil samples collected from the surface layer (0-20 cm depth) of the alluvial region of Beijing, China. The concentrations of total HCHs (including α-, β-, γ-, and δ-isomers) and total DDTs (i ncluding p,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDD, p,p'-DDE, and o,p'-DDT) in the surface soils tested were in the range from nondetectable to 31.72 μg/kg dry soil, with a mean value of 0.91, and from nondetectable to 5910.83 μg/kg dry soil, with a mean value of 32.13,respectively. It was observed that concentrations of HCHs in all soil samples and concentrations of DDTs in 112 soil samples were much lower than the first grade (50 μg/kg) permitted in "Environment quality standard for soils in China (GB15618-1995)". This suggests that the pollution due to organochlorine pesticides was generally not significant in the farmland soils in the Beijing alluvial region. In this study, the spatial distribution and trend of HCHs and DDTs were analyzed using Geostatistical Analyst and GS (513).Spatial distribution indicated how these pesticides had been applied in the past. Trend analysis showed that the concentrations of HCHs,DDTs, and their related metabolites followed an obvious distribution trend in the surface soils from the alluvial region of Beijing.     

贵阳市城区路侧土壤重金属分布特征及污染评价

研究了贵阳市城区各交通干线两侧表层土壤中重金属的质量分数、空间分布特征及其影响因素.以基线作为参比值,采用地积累指数法对其污染程度进行评价.结果表明:各交通干道两侧土壤中重金属质量分数存在显著差异,除Pb和Cr外,其余重金属质量分数均高于中国表层土壤重金属元素背景值和贵阳市表层土壤重金属元素基线值. 整体上,贵阳市路侧土壤尚未受到Pb和Cr的污染,其w(Hg),w(Cd)和w(Zn)已达中度污染甚至强污染水平,同时各路段也受到了不同程度的As,Cu和Ni污染,但并不严重. 据调查,路侧土壤中重金属质量分数及其分布格局主要受到燃煤、交通运输、地形及路况、气象因素以及城市建设等的影响.      

大麻茎腐病菌的分离及其对土壤环境影响的研究

从病变部位分离出两株病原真菌DN1和DN2,通过茵丝及孢子形态的观察,初步确定其分别为半知菌亚门链格孢属（Altemaria altemata）及轮枝孢属（M．Verticillium）。在pH值4～14之间,两株菌都能正常生长,对环境的适应能力较强。通过盆栽试验确定大麻对土壤pH的影响,结果表明大麻能修复弱碱性土壤。