美国地下水中高氯酸盐的污染状况及处理方法分析

本文通过对美国地下水中高氯酸盐的污染状况、污染来源及处理方法的研究,浅析了该国在该领域的技术状况和污染处理的运营模式。     

内蒙古河套灌区地下水矿化度的时空变异特征

利用内蒙古河套灌区义长灌域地下水水位、水质资料（1996-2005）,结合地理信息系统（G IS）技术,运用传统统计学和地统计学方法研究灌域10年间地下水矿化度时空变异性。结果表明：1.灌域内地下水矿化度在1996-2005年间呈下降趋势（从1996年的8.5 g/L下降到2005年的约5.3 g/L）,且变异系数不大;2.地下水矿化度的变化受降水、蒸发、地下水位和引黄水量等多种因素的影响,蒸发与地下水矿化度达到极显著相关;3.1996年和2005年两个时期的地下水矿化度的实际变异函数和理论变异函数（球状模型）拟合较好,F检验达到显著水平。Kriging差值结果显示,两个时期矿化度的空间分布差异不甚明显。     

煤矿开采区地下水环境影响评价方法与治理研究

针对煤矿开采对地下水污染的问题,首先分析了煤矿开采对地下水污染的影响因素,然后通过对研究区域地下水污染物组分的分析,考虑各种评价方法的优缺点,采用模糊综合评判法,对煤炭开采对地下水的污染做出了比较合乎实际的评价。最后,对防治煤矿开采对地下水污染工作提出一些建议。     

Control of petroleum-hydrocarbon contaminated groundwater by intrinsic and enhanced bioremediation

In the first phase of this study, the e ectiveness of intrinsic bioremediation on the containment of petroleum hydrocarbons was evaluated at a gasoline spill site. Evidences of the occurrence of intrinsic bioremediation within the BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes) plume included (1) decreased BTEX concentrations; (2) depletion of dissolved oxygen (DO), nitrate, and sulfate; (3) production of dissolved ferrous iron, methane, and CO2; (4) deceased pH and redox potential; and (5) increased methanogens, total heterotrophs, and total anaerobes, especially within the highly contaminated areas. In the second phase of this study, enhanced aerobic bioremediation process was applied at site to enhance the BTEX decay rates. Air was injected into the subsurface near the mid-plume area to biostimulate the naturally occurring microorganisms for BTEX biodegradation. Field results showed that enhanced bioremediation process caused the change of BTEX removal mechanisms from anaerobic biodegradation inside the plume to aerobic biodegradation. This variation could be confirmed by the following field observations inside the plume due to the enhanced aerobic bioremediation process: (1) increased in DO, CO2, redox potential, nitrate, and sulfate, (2) decreased in dissolved ferrous iron, sulfide, and methane, (3) increased total heterotrophs and decreased total anaerobes. Field results also showed that the percentage of total BTEX removal increased from 92% to 99%, and the calculated total BTEX first-order natural attenuation rates increased from 0.0092% to 0.0188% per day, respectively, after the application of enhanced bioremediation system from the spill area to the downgradient area (located approximately 300 m from the source area).     

应用神经网络对地下水反硝化效果预测与验证

应用人工神经网络对生物脱氮工艺进行预测并验证。采用工艺参数如COD、NO3-N、NO2-N、DO等作为输入节点,COD、NO3-N作为输出节点。结果显示神经网络能够较好地预报出水的水质参数。出水硝酸盐和COD预测结果与试验结果符合得较好,相对误差分别在10％和5％范围内。     

邻苯二甲酸酯在包气带土层中的迁移模拟研究

选择垃圾渗滤液中邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)和邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)为特征污染物,通过室内实验确定了DMP和DBP在包气带土层的降解、吸附、弥散参数,建立了DMP和DBP在包气带迁移的对流-弥散数学模型.利用有限差分数值解方法,预测了DMP和DBP在包气带土层中迁移及其对饱水带地下水的污染风险.结果表明,DMP和DBP 的包气带污染距离分别可达6.5m和0.5m,DMP存在丰水期污染饱水带地下水的风险,而DBP的污染风险较小.     

Simultaneous removal of chromium and arsenate from contaminated groundwater by ferrous sulfate: Batch uptake behavior

Chromium and/or arsenate removal by Fe(II) as a function of pH, Fe(II) dosage and initial Cr(VI)/As(V) ratio were examined in batch tests. The presence of arsenate reduced the removal e ciency of chromium by Fe(II), while the presence of chromate significantly increased the removal e ciency of arsenate by Fe(II) at pH 6–8. In the absence of arsenate, chromium removal by Fe(II) increased to a maximum with increasing pH from 4 to 7 and then decreased with a further increase in pH. The increment in Fe(II) dosage resulted in an improvement in chromium removal and the improvement was more remarkable under alkaline conditions than that under acidic conditions. Chromium removal by Fe(II) was reduced to a larger extent under neutral and alkaline conditions than that under acidic conditions due to the presence of 10 mol/L arsenate. The presence of 20 mol/L arsenate slightly improved chromium removal by Fe(II) at pH 3.9–5.8, but had detrimental e ects at pH 6.7–9.8. Arsenate removal was improved significantly at pH 4–9 due to the presence of 10 mol/L chromate at Fe(II) dosages of 20–60 mol/L. Elevating the chromate concentration from 10 to 20 mol/L resulted in a further improvement in arsenate removal at pH 4.0–4.6 when Fe(II) was dosed at 30–60 mol/L.     

石门雄磺矿周边地下水质量现状及污染评价

本文以石门雄磺矿周边5个地下水监测点监测资料为基础,对矿区周边地下水水质进行分析评价。结果表明,矿区周边所有地下水监测项目均在标准值范围内,水质较好;影响其水质的主要因素为有机污染,其次是重金属。针对矿区周边地下水污染现状．提出了防治对策。     

地下水开发利用中存在的环境问题

文章首先分析了地下水开发利用中存在的问题主要包括污染和不合理利用,而后有针对性地提出了两方面的改进建议。     

脱氮硫杆菌自养反硝化及其影响因素研究进展

简要回顾了近几十年来利用脱氮硫杆菌进行自养反硝化及其影响因素方面的研究成果,阐述了接种脱氮硫杆菌的自养反硝化系统的应用范围和主要影响因素的研究现状。其中对一些与自养反硝化应用及其影响因素相关的重要问题、近年来研究的热点问题,如硫磺颗粒粒径影响、硫磺/石灰石的体积比、进水硫化物/硝酸盐的摩尔比、水力停留时间、有毒物质的影响以及脱氮动力学模型的建立进行了重点分析。指出了利用脱氮硫杆菌进行自养反硝化目前存在的一些技术方面的问题及其解决途径,并对其今后的发展趋势和应用前景进行了展望。