基于标准化降水蒸散指数的中国东部季风区干旱特征分析

研究基于标准化降水蒸散指数,采用0.5°×0.5°中国地面气温和降水数据集,通过分析东部季风区季节和年尺度干旱覆盖率、频率以及单位面积干旱强度,揭示了中国东部季风区1961—2013年干旱特征时空分布变化。研究结果表明：近20 a东部季风区干旱特征变化明显,特别是1997年之后东部季风区干旱覆盖率和单位面积干旱强度显著增加;东北地区、华北平原、黄土高原和西南地区干旱频率增加,高频率覆盖范围扩大明显;气象干旱极端危险区扩大。全球变暖背景下东部季风区干旱呈现出极端化趋势。     

Trends of chemical speciation profiles of anthropogenic volatile organic compounds emissions in China, 2005–2020

This study estimates the detailed chemical profiles of China＇s anthropogenic volatile organic com- pounds （VOCs） emissions for the period of 2005-2020. The chemical profiles of VOCs for seven activity sectors are calculated, based on which the Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential （POCP） of VOCs for these sectors is evaluated. At the national level, the VOCs species emitted in 2005 include alkanes, alkenes and alkynes, aromatic compounds, alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, esters, ethers and halocarbons, accounting for 26.4wt.%, 29.2wt.%, 21.3 wt.%, 4.7 wt.%, 5.4 wt.%, 1.7 wt.%, 2.1 wt.%, 0.7 wt. % and 2.2wt.% of total emissions, respectively. And during 2005-2020, their mass proportions would respec- tively grow or decrease by - 34.7%, -48.6%, 108.5%, 6.9%, -32.7%, 7.3%, 65.3%, 100.5%, and 55.4%. This change would bring about a 13% reduction of POCP for national VOCs emissions in the future. Thus, although the national VOCs emissions are expected to increase by 33% over the whole period, its ozone formation potential is estimated to rise only by 14%. Large discrepancies are found in VOCs speciation emissions among provinces. Compared to western provinces, the eastern provinces with a more developed economy would emit unsaturated hydrocarbons and benzene with lower mix ratios, and aromatic compounds except benzene, oxidized hydrocar- bons and halocarbons with higher mix ratios. Such differences lead to lower POCP of VOCs emitted in eastern provinces, and higher POCP of VOCs emitted in western provinces. However, due to the large VOCs emissions from Chinese eastern region, the ozone forma- tion potential of VOCs emission in eastern provinces would be much higher than those in western provinces by about 156%-235%.     

塔里木河流域水资源利用与生态农业发展

从生态学角度分析塔里木河流域丰富的自然资源条件与恶劣的气候条件之间的突出矛盾,得出水资源的占有和利用是流域生态改善和农业发展之储多要素中最大限制因子的结论,从而决定了农业发展的根本出路是发展生态农业。必须根据生态脆弱指数采取有力措施保证生态用水;只有因地制宜地建立高效输水、灌溉节水、结构科学、布局合理、资源配置优化、整体功能强的高产优质高效的良性循环的农业生产模式,才能切实有地促进自然生态与生态农业的持续、协调发展。     

强可持续发展框架下生态空间评价

强可持续发展坚持自然资本的不可替代性与唯一性,保持自然资本基本持有量在代际之间的传递,通过跨期环境福利效用最大化,实现环境公平与代际公平。该研究分析了强可持续发展范式判别生态空间的维度,把生态空间识别划分为强可持续发展与弱可持续发展空间。其中,强可持续发展空间是维持该区域生态安全的关键性生态空间,需要优先保持生态系统现状不至于衰退;弱可持续发展空间是相对于关键性生态空间而言的,属于非关键性生态空间,可以在生态安全阈值内进行适度开发、适度建设。以塔里木河流域为研究案例,基于强可持续发展理念,沿袭生态服务功能和生态敏感性综合评价方法,对该流域生态空间的划定和强弱可持续格局进行了研究。研究表明,塔里木河流域敏感和极敏感区域分别占总区域面积的55.01%和29.23%。强可持续发展类生态空间包含底线型生态空间、危机型生态空间,二者的面积分别为305 257.84、573 281.16 km²,各占研究区面积的29.28%、54.98%。研究表明,塔里木河流域土地利用生态安全冲突等级较高,强可持续发展类生态空间的系统调节能力很差。强可持续发展类生态空间是重要生态功能空间,对...     

别躺在“极低概率”上睡大觉

美国东部时间2月10日11时55分（北京时间11日零时55分）,在浩瀚的宇宙中,俄罗斯废弃的“宇宙2251”军用通信卫星和美国铱卫星公司的“铱33”卫星在西伯利亚上空约790公里高的近地轨道上相撞,造成“铱33”报废,美国部分地区无线通讯中断,撞击产生的大量碎片散落到太空中,对其它在轨运行的航天器产生不可预知的危险。     

杭州市气象科普体验馆开馆

美国东部时间3月6日22时50分,世界首个用于探测太阳系外类地行星的飞行器——“开普勒”太空望远镜在美国卡纳维拉尔角空军基地发射升空。     

1982-2006年中国东部秋季植被覆盖变化过程的区域差异

为进一步认识1982-2006年中国东部秋季植被覆盖变化过程及其区域差异,论文分析了1982-2006年9-10月归一化差值植被指数(NDVI)的多年平均状况和年际变化,并通过聚类分析辨识了NDVI变化过程的主要模态,进而探讨了它们与温度和降水变化的相关关系。结果表明:(1)中国东部秋季森林的覆盖度最高,农田次之,草原最低,并表现出1998年之前趋于增加、此后趋于锐减的变化特征;(2)不同区域植被覆盖变化过程不尽相同,整个研究区植被覆盖变化过程可以分为6种模态,其中①东北地区呈波动上升趋势,②内蒙古高原东北部1982-1998年波动上升、1998年后陡然降低,③华北北部-东北南部呈现跃迁式上升,跃迁年份为1994年,④华北南部表现为先降低后略微增加,趋势转折出现在2000年,⑤江淮地区呈现为1982-1992年波动增加、1992-2006年波动降低,⑥长江及其以南地区表现为陡然下降,突变始于2000年;(3)除了内蒙古高原东北部降水变化能够解释植被覆盖度年际变率的66%以外,华北北部-东北南部的植被覆盖与降水具有正相关关系,秦岭-大巴山-长江中下游及以南地区的植被覆盖与同期温度呈显著正相关,但是降水或温度仅能够解释植被覆盖年际变率的21%,其余地区植被覆盖与气候变化没有显著的相关关系。     

Levels of synthetic musk fragrances in human milk from three cities in the Yangtze River Delta in Eastern China

Synthetic musks are used as additives in many household products. After absorption into the human body, they accumulate and their concentrations in human milk reflect both the mother and her infant’s exposure level. Concentrations of four synthetic musks, musk xylene (1-tert-butyl-2,6-dimethyl-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene, MX), musk ketone (4-tert-butyl-2,6-dimethyl-3,5-dinitroacetophenone, MK), 1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8-hexamethylcyclopenta[ ]-2-benzopyran (HHCB) and 7-acetyl-1,1,3,4,4,6-hexamethyl-1,2,3,4- tetrahydronaphthalene (AHTN), were determined in human milk samples collected from Shanghai, Wuxi, and Shaoxing in Eastern China. The four synthetic musks were found in most samples analyzed, with HHCB the dominant component followed by MX. The median (mean) values for HHCB, AHTN, MX and MK concentrations were 63 (82), 5 (12), 17 (24) and 4 (9) ng/g lipid weight, respectively. These data suggested the total synthetic musk contamination was low, and the distribution percentage was HHCB > MX > AHTN MK. The relative high ratio of nitro to polycylic musk indicated that nitro musks were still widely used. The musk concentrations in these cities were not significantly different from each other (p > 0.05). Principal components score plots were obtained, which showed similar exposure sources. The amount of total synthetic musks in human milk were not associated with mother’s age, although HHCB was significantly correlated with AHTN (p < 0.05). Daily ingestion of HHCB, AHTN, MX and MK for infants from human milk were estimated as (2526 2926), (370 524), (7391 832), and (277 462) ng/day, respectively. Those doses were 1–2 orders of magnitude below the provisional tolerable daily intakes.     

胶州市东部滞洪区水污染情况调查及相应对策与建议

通过对胶州市东部滞洪区水质现状的调查,发现水环境污染情况较为严重.水污染的主要原因是污水直接入渠,水体自净能力差.可通过实施截污与污水收集系统建设相结合、防止污水入湖及实施东部滞洪区湖水自净建设工程等措施改善东部滞洪区的污染现状.     

我国东部沿海重点地区经济发展与资源环境相互作用关系的比较研究

采用比较研究方法,分析了环渤海地区、长江三角洲地区和珠江三角洲地区的主要资源环境问题,提出了我国东部沿海地区水资源短缺由南向北明显加剧、耕地浪费状况由北向南趋于恶化、环境污染程度与经济发展水平同步增长的区域分异特征,并对产业结构演进,特别是工业化过程中地区经济发展与资源环境的相互关系进行了探讨,归纳并修正了二者之间互动模式,提出了建立资源友好型的产业体系、加强资源环境管理规制等优化对策。