序批式生物膜法处理屠宰废水

序批式生物膜法是将微生物培养在软性纤维填料上，形成生物膜后悬挂在废水处理反应器内，废水中溶解污染物在与生物膜的接触中被微生物分解，使水体得到净化。该方法较活性污泥法具有生物量大、抗冲击负荷强、操作简单、有机和无机污染物去除率高等优点。处理后的屠宰废水能够达标排放。     

Adsorption and desorption of Cu(Ⅱ) and Pb(Ⅱ) in paddy soils cultivated for various years in the subtropical China

The adsorption and desorption of Cu(Ⅱ) and Pb(Ⅱ) on upland red soil,and paddy soils which were originated from the upland soil and cultivated for 8,15,35 and 85 years,were investigated using the batch method.The study showed that the organic matter content and cation exchange capacity (CEC) of the soils are important factors controlling the adsorption and desorption of Cu(Ⅱ) and Pb(Ⅱ).The 15-Year paddy soil had the highest adsorption capacity for Pb(Ⅱ),followed by the 35-Year paddy soil.Both the 35-Year paddy soil and 15-Year paddy soil adsorbed more Cu(Ⅱ) than the upland soil and other paddy soils.The 15-Year paddy soils exhibited the highest desorption percentage for both Cu(Ⅱ) and Pb(Ⅱ).These results are consistent with the trend for the CEC of the soils tested.The high soil CEC contributes not only to the adsorption of Cu(Ⅱ) and Pb(Ⅱ) but also to the electrostatic adsorption of the two heavy metals by the soils.Lower desorption percentages for Cu(Ⅱ) (36.7% to 42.2%) and Pb(Ⅱ) (50.4% to 57.9%) were observed for the 85-Year paddy soil.The highest content of organic matter in the soil was responsible for the low desorption percentages for the two metals because the formation of the complexes between the organic matter and the metals could increase the stability of the heavy metals in the soils.     

Sorption of Triton X-100 on soil organic matter fractions：Kinetics and isotherms

Kinetics and isotherms of Triton X-100 sorption on soil,base-extracted soil(BE),humic acid (HA) and humin (HM) were investigated respectively to get better understanding on characteristics of the surfactant sorptiun onto different soil organic matters(SOMs).It was demonstrated that the kinetics results could be satisfactorily described by the pseudo-second order model.The half of the time to reach equilibrium(t1/2) for different sorbents followed the sequence of soil>HA>BE>HM.Furthermore,the calculated equilibrium sorption capacity(Ceq) was found in the sequence of HA>BE>HM>soil,which agreed well with the experimental results.The isotherms of Triton X-100 sorption on soil and HA could be well described by the S-type isotherm,but BE and HM by the L-type.The isotherms of all the four sorbents were found reasonably fitted to the Langmuir equation.The Kd value,defined as the ratio of Triton X-100 in sorbent and in the equilibrium solution for given concentrations,generally followed the order of HM>HA>soil>BE.Separated HM and HA showed high affinity for Triton X-100,but the HA and HM in soil and BE were tightly bounded by the minerals.Thus,the HA on the soil surface might dominate the sorption,whereas the bounded HM would play a key role upon the surfactants being penetrated inside the soil.     

长寿湖表层沉积物氮磷和有机质污染特征及评价

测定了重庆市长寿湖62个采样点表层沉积物中总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)及有机质(OM)的含量,并与国内其他城市(郊)湖库进行比较,以揭示其空间分布特征,分析了TN、TP、OM间相关性及C/N变化.结果表明,TN平均含量2 255.89 mg.kg-1,TP平均含量622.03 mg.kg-1,湖区氮磷污染严重且空间分布差异明显.OM含量平均2.80%,与其他湖库相比,TN、TP及OM含量均处于中间水平.C/N的87.10%介于5～14间(其中72.58%同样介于6～13间),3.23%介于2.8～3.4间,表明长寿湖表层沉积物中OM多源于湖中藻类及浮游动植物,还有少部分源于水生生物.OM与TN间极显著相关(Pearson系数为0.849),含量均为西部与中部水体高于东部水体,分布特征相似,但OM与TP相关性较小.通过有机指数与有机氮评价湖区污染情况,表明有机指数平均值为0.386,处于Ⅲ级,属尚清洁范畴;有机氮平均值为0.214%,达Ⅳ级,属有机氮污染程度,说明长寿湖受氮污染情况相对严重.     

硫酸银对重铬酸钾法测定土壤有机质的影响研究

对土壤样品加入硫酸银作催化剂和不加硫酸银处理后,采用重铬酸钾容量法分组测定有机质含量.结果表明,硫酸银对土壤有机质的分析测定没有显著影响.该方法简便,设备简单,操作快速,结果具有很好的一致性.     

美国低碳农业实践之借鉴

美国是世界农业大国,也是世界第二大温室气体排放国,其在低碳农业领域的尝试和成效表明,低碳经济有望成为未来美国的重要战略选择。研究美国的实践和经验,对我国乃至世界低碳农业的发展及农业生产方式的转变均有借鉴意义。     

天山北麓土壤有机质高光谱特征分析

随着土壤遥感科学的快速发展,光谱技术及其相关理论分析在农业生产与生态规划领域得到了广泛的应用。通过对光谱反射率进行一阶微分与倒数对数形式的变换,选取相关系数较大的波段构建基于多元逐步回归与偏最小二乘法的反演模型,得到如下基本结论:土壤光谱的一阶微分的变化,显著提高了土壤有机质含量与光谱间的敏感性;在多元逐步回归分析中,反射率一阶微分的多元回归模型的稳定性及预测精度最好;在偏最小二乘法回归分析中,反射率倒数对数模型的决定系数达到了最高的0.962,而总均方根误差为最低的1.082,其模型的稳定性及预算精度优于其他模型;总体上,偏最小二乘法回归模型的稳定性及预测精度优于多元回归模型,能够进一步满足研究区土壤有机质含量估算的实际需求。     

盐结皮对土壤有机质和水分积累的影响

以喀什地区典型的盐结皮土壤为例,在不同厚度的盐结皮土壤区域采集不同深度的土壤样品。结果表明:盐结皮越厚的土壤区域,其各层土壤中的盐分含量越高,土壤有机质含量越低,土壤水分含量越高,由此说明,盐结皮不利于土壤有机质的积累,但是却起到一定的保水作用。     

太湖秋季入湖水源中DOM的光谱学特征及通量

秋季是太湖水体DOM含量较高的季节。运用三维荧光光谱和紫外-可见光谱等手段分析了秋季太湖周边不同入湖水源(河水、雨水、污水处理厂水、直排生活污水)中DOM的组成和来源,及对太湖DOM的影响。结果表明:不同入湖水源中DOM的光谱学特征有显著差异。其中污水处理厂进水的ρ(TOC)为(68.5±13.9)mg/L,显著高于其它类型水;而且处理前污水〔ρ(TOC)为(68.5±13.9)mg/L〕、处理后污水〔ρ(TOC)为(21.7±5.15)mg/L〕、直排生活污水〔ρ(TOC)为(25.1±9.74)mg/L〕、河水〔ρ(TOC)为(27.3±1.27)mg/L〕和北太湖湖水〔ρ(TOC)为(27.9±2.35)mg/L〕中DOM浓度高、结构复杂,且均以腐殖质为主,同时类蛋白物质含量也较高;而雨水中的DOM以类富里酸物质为主,且其DOM的f450/500(荧光指数)平均值为1.61,呈现出外源特征,但其DOM结构相对简单。东太湖湖水DOM的f450/500值在1.73~1.92之间,表明其DOM主要为内源生物降解,显示出草型湖区与北太湖藻型湖区DOM组成和来源的显著差异。不同入湖外源DOM相对太湖水体总DOM的贡献为:河水雨水污水处理厂出水直排生活污水。其中河水DOM年入湖总量大(2.42×108kg)且成分复杂,对太湖湖水DOM的组成和含量影响最显著。     

山仔水库沉积物含水率和有机质的空间分布特征研究

该研究于2009年秋季和2010年夏季采集山仔水库七里、库心和坝前断面沉积物柱状样,实验室内测定含水率和有机质的含量水平.结果表明,山仔水库沉积物中含水率为49.7％～55.1％,有机质含量为1.976％ ～2.253％.水平方向上,2009年秋季,七里为含水率、有机质高值区.2010年夏季七里为OM高值区,坝前为含水率高值区.垂向分布上,山仔库区各断面沉积物含水率、OM含量总体上表现为沿深度增加而减少的趋势.