美欧研究用象草作为燃料发电替代煤炭和石油

今后10年内，北美和欧洲国家可能会开始大量种植一种名为象草的植物，作为燃料发电，有望替代煤炭和石油。     

菹草在低浓度含铜尾水净化过程中的毒性研究

将菹草(Potamogeton crispus)种植于不同浓度的含游离态(CuSO4)和螯合态(EDTA-Cu)铜离子模拟尾水中,定期观测菹草在不同浓度、不同形态含铜尾水中的生长状况,并用水下饱和脉冲叶绿素荧光仪测定菹草光合作用PSⅡ有效荧光产量(Fv/Fm)、光化学荧光淬灭系数(qP)和非光化学荧光淬灭系数(qN)等指标,以研究菹草在低浓度含铜尾水净化过程中的生态效应。结果表明,菹草对铜离子有吸附或富集作用,且对CuSO4的吸附或富集能力大于EDTA-Cu。CuSO4对菹草的毒性作用小,且对菹草生长有一定的促进作用;随着铜离子浓度(0.01、0.3、0.5和1.0 mg·L-1)的递增,CuSO4各试验组菹草叶片数增加量分别是对照组的292.5%、390.0%、155.0%和45.0%。而EDTA-Cu在试验浓度范围内对菹草的生长影响较小,毒性作用不明显。随游离态和螯合态铜离子浓度的提高,相对光合电子传递速率(RET)、Fv/Fm、qP和qN变化明显,表明一定浓度的铜离子增强了菹草的光电子传递速率和份额,铜离子对PSⅡ反应中心的毒性作用较小,可以促进其光合作用。     

九龙江口滨海湿地生源要素空间分布特征

为了揭示亚热带典型滨海湿地生源要素的空间分布特征及影响因素,选取九龙江口滨海湿地为研究对象,于2009年夏采集表层沉积物及柱状样,利用元素分析仪和流动注射分析仪对主要生源要素碳、氮、磷、硫(C、N、P、S)进行分析.结果表明,九龙江口滨海湿地生源要素含量较高,总碳、总氮、总磷、总硫(TC、TN、TP、TS)的均值分别为(12.64±2.66)、(1.57±0.29)、(0.48±0.06)、(2.61±1.37)g·kg-1,空间分布差异性显著.红树林植被区表层沉积物的TC、TN、TP含量高于米草植被及光滩,高潮位TC、TN、TP含量>中潮位>低潮位,TS在米草植被及中潮位含量较高.柱状样的TC、TN具有相似的垂直变化趋势,均表现为由表层向下逐渐降低,且不同植被间的柱状样TC、TN含量在同一深度上都表现为:红树区>米草区>光滩区;柱状样TP平均值是光滩最低,TS平均值是光滩最高.冗余分析表明,植被类型、pH及潮位是影响表层沉积物生源要素(C、N、P、S)分布最显著的环境因子,解释量分别为24.0%、19.0%和11.6%.     

紫外分光光度法测定大米中微量元素硒的含量

以市售大米为检测对象,采用凯氏烧瓶消解-紫外分光光度法测定了样品中微量元素硒的含量。结果表明:富硒大米、五常大米、白城大米、泰国香米及龙江县大米的含硒量分别为:0.258、0.054、0.051、0.033、0.045mg/kg(干基)。富硒大米的硒含量明显高于普通大米。标准曲线的相关系数r为0.9998,加标回收率在98.6%～102.7%之间,精密度RSD为2.25%,因此该法具有灵敏度高、稳定性好、工作曲线线性关系好的显著优点,可用于大米中微量元素硒的测定。     

Interspecific competition effects on phosphorus accumulation by Hydrilla verticillata and Vallisneria natans

The competition between submersed plants has been recognized as an important factor influencing the structure of plant communities in shallow lakes. The ability of different species to take up and store nutrients from the surrounding ambience varies, and hence plant community structure might be expected to affect the cycling of nutrients in lake ecosystems. In this study, the uptake of phosphorus by Hydrilla verticillata and Vallisneria natans was studied and compared in monoculture and competitive mixed-culture plantings. Results showed that for both studied species the phosphorus concentrations of different tissues and of whole plants was unaffected by competition. However, the quantity of phosphorus accumulated by whole plants of H. verticillata was significantly higher in mixture culture than in monoculture, while that of V. natans was lower in the mixed culture. The results indicated that H. verticillata has a competitive advantage over V. natans, when the two species are grown in competition, and is able to accumulate a greater quantity of phosphorus.     

Beyond hypoxia：Occurrence and characteristics of black blooms due to the decomposition of the submerged plant Potamogeton crispus in a shallow lake

Organic matter-induced black blooms(hypoxia and an offensive odor) are a serious ecosystem disasters that have occurred in some large eutrophic shallow lakes in China. In this study, we investigated two separate black blooms that were induced by Potamogeton crispus in Lake Taihu, China. The main physical and chemical characteristics, including color- and odor-related substances, of the black blooms were analyzed. The black blooms were characterized by low dissolved oxygen concentration(close to 0 mg/L), low oxidation-reduction potential, and relatively low pH of overlying water. Notably higher Fe2+and∑S2-were found in the black-bloom waters than in waters not affected by black blooms. The black color of the water may be attributable to the high concentration of these elements, as black FeS was considered to be the main substance causing the black color of blooms in freshwater lakes. Volatile organic sulfur compounds, including dimethyl sulfide, dimethyl disulfide, and dimethyl trisulfide, were very abundant in the black-bloom waters. The massive anoxic degradation of dead Potamogeton crispus plants released dimethyl sulfide, dimethyl disulfide, and dimethyl trisulfide, which were the main odor-causing compounds in the black blooms. The black blooms also induced an increase in ammonium nitrogen and soluble reactive phosphorus levels in the overlying waters. This extreme phenomenon not only heavily influenced the original lake ecosystem but also greatly changed the cycling of Fe, S, and nutrients in the water column.     

芦苇和藨草对不同程度富营养化水体的净化效果研究

通过设置3种浓度梯度的富营养化水体净化实验,研究了芦苇和藨草的生长状况及其对富营养化水体中N、P的去除效果。结果表明:芦苇和藨草在3种梯度的富营养化水体中均能正常生长,并对水中N、P有明显的去除效果。藨草在处理轻度和中度富营养化水体时要比芦苇占优势,在重度富营养化水体中,芦苇对N、P的去除能力要高于藨草,且二者对水中TP的净化效果要好于TN。通过对受试水样的TN、TP浓度随时间变化的动态曲线拟合得出,水体中TN、TP的浓度随时间变化呈负指数衰减,芦苇和藨草对富营养化水体的净化率随其在水体中停留时间的延长而递增。实验结果为利用挺水植物修复富营养化水体的模式和机理的深入研究提供了科学依据。     

湖北长江三峡地区山水林田湖草生态保护修复形势与对策研究

文章重点分析了湖北长江三峡地区生态功能定位、生态保护修复重点,剖析了湖北长江三峡地区山水林田湖草生态保护修复形势,在介绍湖北长江三峡地区山水林田湖草生态保护修复工程试点的基础上,深入分析了该工程试点推进中的难点问题。提出了相应对策：坚持用系统思维推进山水林田湖草整体保护和修复;加强生态环境问题突出区域重点攻坚,着力解决生态保护修复不充分、不平衡问题;加大社会资本、绿色金融支持力度,健全多元化、差异化资金供给及管理机制;积极探索生态产品及废弃资源价值转化新途径;加强科技支撑、坚持自主创新、打造精品示范工程;提升建设项目服务水平,加强生态环境监测及风险应急能力建设。     

水体浊度对马来眼子菜和菹草生长的影响

研究了不同浊度(30、60和90 NTU)水体中,马来眼子菜及菹草的生长发育状况,并用水下饱和脉冲叶绿素荧光仪(Diving-PAM)测定其叶片荧光参数指标。结果表明,不同的浊度对马来眼子菜的叶片数及株高无显著影响,而对菹草的叶片数及株高生长速率有一定的影响。30 d胁迫下,浊度组马来眼子菜的最大光化学量子产量(maximum quantum yield,Fv/Fm)、光化学淬灭系数(photochemical quenching,q P)、非光化学淬灭系数(non-photochemical quenching,q N)、相对光合电子传递速率(electron transport rate,ETR)与对照组差异不显著(p>0.05),表明马来眼子菜对浑浊水体有较强的耐受能力;实验结束时,高浊度组(90 NTU)中,菹草Fv/Fm、q P、q N、ETR与对照组达到极显著差异(p<0.01),其余浊度组也相应受到影响,说明菹草的光系统II(PSII)受到破坏。该研究的成果可为沉水植物恢复研究与实践提供技术支撑。     

盐城湿地大米草对有机污染物净化的研究

盐城沿海湿地大米草(Spartina anglica)不仅是潮间带脆弱光滩环境促淤、护岸等方面的先锋植物,而且也是该区水环境挥发酚类等有机污染物净化的先锋植物。实验结果显示大米草叶面对水中的有机酚具有良好的吸附作用。在静水、避光(夜晚)条件下,大米草对苯酚的吸附过程符合Freundlich吸附规律:q=1.3×10-8C0.08314;同时,大米草种群密度、淹水深度、水流紊动与苯酚的浓度等也影响其对苯酚吸附净化。在光照(白天)条件下。大米草对苯酚又具有光催化降解功能,在同等条件下,与夜晚相比,阴天、晴天光辐射2h后大米草对苯酚的去除率分别可提高9.3和12.8倍。