新型黏土改性剂-烷基多糖苷季铵盐

研究了碳链长度不同的2种烷基多糖苷季铵盐在高岭土和膨润土上的吸附行为.结果表明,在膨润土上的吸附量大于在高岭土上,且均符合Langmuir吸附等温线.8碳链的烷基多糖苷季铵盐在2种黏土上的吸附量都明显小于12碳链的.2种不同碳链的烷基多糖苷季铵盐对东海原甲藻(Prorocentrumdonghaiense)、强壮前沟藻(Amphidiniumcarterae)、锥状斯氏藻(Scrippsiellatrochoidea)的24h灭杀情况表明,12碳链的烷基多糖苷季铵盐在用量为1.5mg/L时,对3种赤潮藻的灭杀率达到90%,而8碳链的达到同样灭杀率需要2.4mg/L.碳链长的烷基多糖苷季铵盐对赤潮藻的灭杀率也高,改性黏土对赤潮藻的絮凝沉降作用很好的符合双曲线动力学模型.生态毒性实验发现,12碳链的烷基多糖苷季铵盐对黑褐新糠虾(Neomysisawatschensis)的48h半致死浓度为17.5mg/L,在改性黏土去除赤潮藻的过程中没有对养殖生物造成明显的毒性作用.     

Anaerobic ammonium oxidation for advanced municipal wastewater treatment: is it feasible?

Anaerobic ammonium oxidation（ANAMMOX） is a recently developed process to treat ammonia-rich wastewater. There were numerous articles about the new technology with focus on the ammonium-rich wastewater treatment, but few on advanced municipal wastewater treatment. The paper studied the anaerobic ammonium oxidation （ANAMMOX） process with a down flow anoxic biofilter for nitrogen removal from secondary clarifier effluent of municipal wastewater with low COD/N ratio. The results showed that ANAMMOX process is applicable to advanced wastewater treatment with normal temperature as well as ammonia-rich high temperature wastewater treatment. The results indicated that ammonia removal rate was improved by raising the nitrite concentration, and the reaction rate reached a climax at 118.4 mgN/L of the nitrite nitrogen concentration. If the concentration exceeds 118.4 mgN/L, the ANAMMOX process was significantly inhibited although the ANAMMOX bacteria still showed a relatively high reactivity. The data also indicated that the ratio of NO2^- -N：NH4 ＊ -N = 1.3：1 in the influent was appropriate for excellent nitrogen removal. The pH increased gradually along the ANAMMOX biofilter reactor. When the ANAMMOX reaction was ended, the pH was tend to calm. The data suggested that the pH could be used as an indicator to describe the course of ANAMMOX reaction.     

硫化钠-锌铵溶液的稳定性

硫化钠溶液极不稳定,每次使用前必须标定,操作繁琐、费时。用乙酸钠做酸化吹气吸收液,回收率低,有时空白值高,这些都是影响测定硫化物准确的问题,用锌铵溶液做稀释剂和吸收液。可以取得满意的效果。     

海水微生物菌群去除铵氮和亚硝酸氮研究

研究了筛选的自养和异养微生物菌群的脱氮效果后发现，异养微生物无论是生长还是对NH4^ -N及NO2-N的去除都明显好于自养微生物。通过研究，培养出了具备很强脱氮能力包含自养和异养菌的混合微生物，在细胞干重浓度为0．48g／L的情况下，在实验3h和5h后，可将初始浓度106mg／L的NH4^ -N和初始浓度49．9mg／L的NO2^--N全部去除。     

土壤理化特性对麦田N2O排放影响的研究

为了研究土壤理化特性对农田N2 O排放的影响 ,室外盆栽试验于 2 0 0 0年冬小麦生长季在南京农业大学实施 ,1 8个供试土壤分别取自江苏宜兴、江宁、六合、仪征及宝应等地的水稻土 .所有供试土壤的季节性N2 O平均排放通量为 1 94 8± 80 1μg (m2 ·h) ,最低和最高值分别为 61 0 μg (m2 ·h)和 393 6μg (m2 ·h) ,两者相差约 6 5倍 .单因子相关分析表明 :季节性N2 O平均排放通量与土壤有机碳含量、全N含量及C N比成显著负相关 ,相关系数 (r2 )分别为 0 541 6(p <0 0 0 1 )、0 450 8(p<0 0 1 )及 0 370 5 (p <0 0 1 ) ;排放通量与土壤pH成正相关 ,r2 为 0 4535 (p <0 0 1 ) .本研究未发现N2 O排放与土壤质地、磷、钾含量及小麦收获期地上部分生物量有明显单相关     

Oxidation behavior of ammonium in a 3-dimensional biofilm-electrode reactor

Excess nitrogenous compounds are detrimental to natural water systems and to human health. To completely realize autohy- drogenotrophic nitrogen removal, a novel 3-dimensional biofilm-electrode reactor was designed. Titanium was electroplated with ruthenium and used as the anode. Activated carbon fiber felt was used as the cathode. The reactor was separated into two chambers by a permeable membrane. The cathode chamber was filled with granular graphite and glass beads. The cathode and cathode chamber were inhabited with domesticated biofilm. In the absence of organic substances, a nitrogen removal efficiency of up to 91% was achieved at DO levels of 3.42 ± 0.37 mg/L when the applied current density was only 0.02 mA/cm^2. The oxidation of ammonium in biofilmelectrode reactors was also investigated. It was found that ammonium could be oxidized not only on the anode but also on particle electrodes in the cathode chamber of the biofilm-electrode reactor. Oxidation rates of ammonium and nitrogen removal efficiency were found to be affected by the electric current loading on the biofilm-electrode reactor. The kinetic model of ammonium at different electric currents was analyzed by a first-order reaction kinetics equation. The regression analysis implied that when the current density was less than 0.02 mA/cm^2, ammonium removal was positively correlated to the current density. However, when the current density was more than 0.02 mA/cm^2, the electric current became a limiting factor for the oxidation rate of ammonium and nitrogen removal efficiency.     

黄河源区植被生长季NDVI时空特征及其对气候变化的响应

利用黄河源区MODIS/NDVI数据、1∶100万植被类型图和气象资料,分析了该区不同植被类型生长季NDVI时空特征以及与气候因子的关系。结果表明,1）2000—2011年,黄河源区植被生长呈改善趋势,生长季NDVI年际变化率每10 a为＋2.75%,高寒草原、高寒草甸、高寒灌丛生长季NDVI年际变化率分别为每10 a＋2.84%、＋2.65%、＋2.77%。2）黄河源区植被改善面积占全区总面积的29.39%,主要分布在卡日曲和玛曲上游、扎曲流域、布青山南麓、扎陵湖北部和鄂陵湖周边地区。植被退化面积仅占全区总面积的0.98%,主要分布在约古宗列曲东南部山地和卡日曲北部山地。受水热条件控制,植被改善表现为：①植被改善面积南坡大于北坡;②植被改善面积随海拔升高先增加后减小;③植被改善面积随坡度增加迅速减小。3）黄河源区植被生长季NDVI与同期气温和降水分别存在显著正相关性,其中高寒草原和高寒草甸生长受降水影响更为明显,而高寒灌丛生长受气温影响更为明显。气候的暖湿化趋势可能是促使黄河源区植被生长改善的主要原因。     

珠江三角洲第四纪各地层生成与存储天然铵能力的探讨与对比

珠江三角洲第四纪底部含水层当中的天异常高然铵,来自于第四纪沉积当中的有机质在厌氧条件下的矿化。珠江三角洲第四纪晚期的沉积序列,主要包括两层海相沉积层（M1和 M2）,以及两层陆相沉积层（T1和 T2）。然而,截至目前,上述地层对天然铵的生成与存储作用,尚不明确。从三角洲的内陆到近岸,选取重点钻孔BJ8、SD1、SD14和MZ4,利用准确的定年数据,以及钻孔剖面各类铵以及总有机碳等数据,探讨与比较了珠江三角洲第四纪各地层生成与储存天然铵的能力。结果表明：全新世时期的海相沉积层（M1）,具有高达17.4 g·kg-1的沉积有机质质量分数。对 SD14钻孔剖面上高精度的有机碳分析表明,M1、M2层平均有机质质量分数分别为11.7和10.1 g·kg-1。因此,相对于晚更新世时期的海相沉积层（M2）来说,全新世海相沉积层M1具备生成更多铵的能力。对SD14钻孔剖面上各类铵的分析表明,M1和M2总铵质量分数的平均值分别为0.41和0.31 g·kg-1;M1、M2和T2各地层单位面积所储存铵的平均值分别为28.6、11.25和0.34 kg·m-2。而不同地层铵含量的差异,在该研究关注的其他钻孔 BJ8,SD1和 MZ4也非常明显。因此得出结论,全新世海相沉积层M1,是主要的储铵层,而M2则是次要的储铵层。两个陆相沉积层T1和T2,不论在生铵和储铵的功能上,远远小于两个海相沉积层。在 M1层中,铵的量呈现随深度增加而升高的趋势,原因在于铵不断生成累积,并通过扩散作用向下运移。而M2层中铵的含量呈现由上至下递减的趋势,说明M2层中的铵主要来自于上部M1层的扩散,其本身生成铵的量比M1少。M1层在珠江三角洲广泛发育,M2层经过长期的风化和剥蚀,在珠江三角洲许多地方已缺失。珠江三角洲底部含水层中天然高铵的浓度,主要由M1层生成与存储的铵的总量所决定。     

上海地区气溶胶特征及MODIS气溶胶产品在能见度中的应用

利用气象站点能见度的历史资料和美国国家宇航局的MODIS卫星遥感手段获取10 km×10 km分辨率的气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)资料,建立二者的季节平均关系,得到了上海地区季节变化的气溶胶标高,并利用标高数据和AOD的季节分布,反演出上海地区季节变化的区域能见度分布,研究了近地层大气气溶胶与地面能见度的关系,分析了上海地区AOD的特征及能见度的时空分布特征.结果显示:上海地区冬春季平均能见度较差,外环线以内能见度在10 km以下;低能见度中心分布明显.     

电子束烟气脱硫技术工业示范工程进展

处理成都电厂２００ＭＷ机组锅炉的３０万Ｎｍ３／ｈ烟气。它是目前世界上已投入运行的处理烟气量最大的电子束脱硫装置。其脱硫率及脱硝率均超过８０％及１０％的设计值,各项运行消耗指标均低于设计值。处理过程为干法,无废水废渣,副产品硫（硝）铵可用作化肥。该装置的自动化程度较高,操作简便,对烟气ＳＯ２浓度及烟气量的变化有较好的适应性和负荷跟踪性。烟气中残氨浓度及周围的辐射剂量低于国家标准的规定。