Biodegradation of 2-methylquinoline by Enterobacter aerogenes TJ-D isolated from activated sludge

Bacterial strain Enterobacter aerogenes TJ-D capable of utilizing 2-methylquinoline as the sole carbon and energy source was isolated from acclimated activated sludge under denitrifying conditions. The ability to degrade 2-methylquinoline by E. aerogenes TJ-D was investigated under denitrifying conditions. Under optimal conditions of temperature (35℃) and initial pH 7, 2-methylquinoline of 100 mg/L was degraded within 176 hr. The degradation of 2-methylquinoline by E. aerogenes TJ-D could be well described by the Haldane model (R² > 0.91). During the degradation period of 2-methylquinoline (initial concentration 100 mg/L), nitrate was almost completely consumed (the removal efficiency was 98.5%), while nitrite remained at low concentration (< 0.62 mg/L) during the whole denitrification period. 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-2-methylquinoline, 4-ethyl-benzenamine, N-butyl-benzenamine, N-ethyl-benzenamine and 2,6-diethyl-benzenamine were metabolites produced during the degradation. The degradation pathway of 2-methylquinoline by E. aerogenes TJ-D was proposed. 2-Methylquinoline is initially hydroxylated at C-4 to form 2-methyl-4-hydroxy-quinoline, and then forms 2-methyl-4-quinolinol as a result of tautomerism. Hydrogenation of the heterocyclic ring at positions 2 and 3 produces 2,3-dihydro-2-methyl-4-quinolinol. The carbon-carbon bond at position 2 and 3 in the heterocyclic ring may cleave and form 2-ethyl-N-ethyl-benzenamine. Tautomerism may result in the formation of 2,6-diethyl-benzenamine and N-butyl-benzenamine. 4-Ethyl-benzenamine and N-ethyl-benzenamine were produced as a result of losing one ethyl group from the above molecules.     

Influence of dissolved organic matter character on mercury incorporation by planktonic organisms：An experimental study using oligotrophic water from Patagonian lakes

Ligands present in dissolved organic matter （DOM） form complexes with inorganic divalent mercury （Hg^2＋） affecting its bioavailability in pelagic food webs. This investigation addresses the influence of a natural gradient of DOM present in Patagonian lakes on the bioaccumulation of Hg^2＋ （the prevailing mercury species in the water column of these lakes） by the algae Cryptomonas erosa and the zooplankters Brachionus calyciflorus and Boeckella antiqua. Hg^2＋ accumulation was studied through laboratory experiments using natural water of four oligotrophic Patagonian lakes amended with^197Hg^2＋. The bioavailability of Hg^2＋ was affected by the concentration and character of DOM. The entrance of Hg^2＋ into pelagic food webs occurs mostly through passive and active accumulation. The incorporation of Hg^2＋ by Cryptomonas, up to 27% of the Hg^2＋ amended, was found to be rapid and dominated by passive adsorption, and was greatest when low molecular weight compounds with protein-like or small phenolic signatures prevailed in the DOM. Conversely, high molecular weight compounds with a humic or fulvic signature kept Hg^2＋ in the dissolved phase, resulting in the lowest Hg^2＋ accumulation in this algae. In Brachionus and Boeckella the direct incorporation of Hg from the aqueous phase was up to 3% of the Hg^2＋ amended. The dietary incorporation of Hg^2＋ by Boeckella exceeded the direct absorption of this metal in natural water, and was remarkably similar to the Hg^2＋ adsorbed in their prey. Overall, DOM concentration and character affected the adsorption of Hg^2＋ by algae through competitive binding, while the incorporation of Hg^2＋ into the zooplankton was dominated by trophic or dietary transfer.     

AOD渣中铬的短期淋溶特性

在固体废弃物淋溶毒性测试标准的基础上,采用静态实验方法研究淋溶时间、固液比、溶解氧和溶液初始pH值对AOD渣中Cr的短期淋溶的影响。实验结果表明,AOD渣使淋溶液pH快速升高、E和DO快速降低;Cr淋溶呈现快淋溶和慢淋溶2个阶段,24 h内Cr淋溶基本达到平衡;尽管固液比对AOD渣淋溶液中Cr3+浓度的影响较小,但考虑到Cr3+与OH-间的平衡反应,直接采用固体废弃物淋溶毒性测试标准会低估Cr的淋溶量,从而过低评价Cr的淋溶毒性;短期淋溶过程中,溶解氧对Cr淋溶的影响相对较小;与中性淋溶液相比,碱性淋溶液对AOD渣中Cr的淋溶影响较小。而在酸性条件下,延长淋溶时间、降低溶液初始pH值将显著增加淋溶液中Cr3+的浓度。因此,采用中性淋溶液评价AOD中Cr淋溶毒性将显著低估Cr的淋溶毒性。     

固定污染源烟气中氧含量监测方法比对

为了解电化学法、激光法、氧化锆法在测定固定污染源烟气中氧含量时存在的差异,进行方法比对实验,结果表明这三种方法均具有较好的精密度.对这三种方法测定结果进行t检验,结果表明三种监测方法间无显著性差异.     

正交实验在气浮法条件筛选中的应用研究

正交试验是研究多因素多水平的一种设计方法,它是根据正交性从全面试验中挑选出部分有代表性的点进行试验,这些有代表性的点具备了“均匀分散,齐整可比”的特点,正交试验设计是分析因式设计的主要方法。是一种高效率、快速、经济的实验设计方法。将正交试验选择的水平组合列成表格,称为正交表。本文选择对溶气气浮法为研究对象,通过PAC的加入量、沉降时间、搅拌强度和搅拌时间等因素对废水的混凝处理效果有较大影响,为确定各因素的最佳值和影响效果的主次关系,选择影响较大的因素,采用正交实验确定设备最佳的运行条件。     

武汉市幼儿园降尘Pb污染特征及其生物有效性

幼儿园降尘铅污染是儿童对环境铅暴露的重要途径.从武汉市不同功能区幼儿园采集69个降尘样品,分析了其中铅的含量与空间分布,同时根据体外模拟实验方法（PBET）研究降尘中铅的生物可给行,目的是阐明武汉市幼儿园降尘铅的分布特征、污染程度,评估降尘中的铅对人体（尤其是儿童）的生物有效性.结果表明,武汉市幼儿园降尘中全铅含量为36.3～1 523mg.kg-1,平均值为169 mg.kg-1;与国内外部分城市对比发现,武汉市降尘中铅含量水平较低.武汉市降尘中铅分布空间差异大,局部污染严重.降尘铅在胃和小肠阶段的生物可给性分别为35%±15%和7.6%±5.8%.采用国际上认可度较高的综合暴露吸收生物动力学模型（IEUBK）,预测儿童（0～6）岁群体环境铅暴露后血铅几何均值2.73μg.dL-1;超过10μg.dL-1的概率〈0.001%,超过5μg.dL-1的概率为3.32%.     

中俄联合监测水质中总磷测定实验的方法与结果对比分析

近年来,中俄双方开展了对等联合监测,但由于国域差别,两个国家在一个项目上采取了不同的实验方法,常出现同一个样品中俄双方出现不同的实验结果,为避免分歧,我国在少数几个站进行了中俄双方实验方法的对比实验,现就水质中总磷的测定将两国的实验方法和实验结果进行了分析。     

“超量负载”昭示了什么?

2012年的中秋国庆长假,旅行和游览过度拥挤的现象给人们留下了特殊的印象。以前的黄金周也曾发生过过度拥挤的情况,但今年似乎达到了极致:高速公路变"高堵"公路,车站机场排起长龙,旅游景点水泄不通,名胜古迹几乎"踩沉",消费垃圾堆积如山,其情其景触目     

超市塑料袋使用行为的环境实验研究

塑料购物袋一直是社会关注的热点环境问题。文章以上海某超市为对象,采用现场观察实验方法记录了5 086份超市顾客塑料袋使用行为的样本,初步揭示了超市塑料袋使用情况和塑料袋使用的顾客行为特征,尝试为超市塑料袋的环境管理政策提供基础性的科学依据。结果表明:(1)超市中主要有3种塑料袋使用方式,依次为购买塑料袋、自带购物袋、使用免费手撕袋,其比例为15%、29%、9%,说明目前塑料袋使用行为具有一定的多样性;(2)影响顾客购买塑料袋的因素为是否有会员卡、是否徒手购物、购物金额,其偏相关系数依次为0.114、0.085、0.042。占总样本63.4%的单人购物情境中,购买塑料袋的影响因素为是否徒手购物、是否有会员卡、年龄、购物金额、性别,偏相关系数依次为0.849、0.486、0.329、0.291、0.180;说明影响塑料袋使用的因素具有综合性和复杂性。(3)顾客购物金额、购物件数、结账时间与塑料袋购买比例有密切的正相关关系;(4)按照购买塑料袋的倾向程度,可将顾客分为高、中、低3类特征群体。其中,购买倾向最高的顾客特征为无会员卡的男性中青年、非徒手购物,购物金额较高。文章研究为解决环境管理问题提供了一种基于现场观察实验方法的案例参考,建议将定量、可重复、可检验、以现场观察记录主的实验方法应用于各类环境问题研究和解决方案中,为环境管理提供更扎实的科学依据。     

神秘“上帝粒子”现踪影

欧洲科研人员13日宣布,他们可能“瞥见”希格斯玻色子,但现有数据无法确切证实。欧洲核子研究中心科研人员当天在日内瓦告诉媒体记者,两项强子对撞实验项目ALTAS和CMS有一些相似发现,让科研人员颇为兴奋。