“政策性返贫”呼唤生态补偿立法

位于坝上地区的河北丰宁满族自治县,地处北京上风上水地带,每年为密云水库贡献56.7%的蓄水量。10年来通过推行退耕还林、禁牧、稻改旱措施,生态环境大为改观。但近年来,物价上涨和补贴降低双重因素在一定程度上造成了群众生活困难,农民普遍遭遇政策性返贫。北京头上一盆沙,曾是丰宁脆弱生态环境的形象描     

Effect of ferric and bromide ions on the formation and speciation of disinfection byproducts during chlorination

The e ects of ferric ion, pH, and bromide on the formation and distribution of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) during chlorination were studied. Two raw water samples from Huangpu River and Yangtze River, two typical drinking water sources of Shanghai, were used for the investigation. Compared with the samples from Huangpu River, the raw water samples from Yangtze River had lower content of total organic carbon (TOC) and ferric ions, but higher bromide concentrations. Under controlled chlorination conditions, four trihalomethanes (THMs), nine haloacetic acids (HAAs), total organic halogen (TOX) and its halogen species fractions, including total organic chlorine (TOCl) and total organic bromide (TOBr), were determined. The results showed that co-existent ferric and bromide ions significantly promoted the formation of total THMs and HAAs for both raw water samples. Higher concentration of bromide ions significantly changed the speciation of the formed THMs and HAAs. There was an obvious shift to brominated species, which might result in a more adverse influence on the safety of drinking water. The results also indicated that high levels of bromide ions in raw water samples produced higher percentages of unknown TOBr.     

北京30年来最大的水资源保护工程(上)

"鹅,鹅,鹅,曲项向天歌.白毛浮绿水,红掌拨清波."这是唐代诗人骆宾王在7岁时作的<咏鹅>诗,也是我们小的时候最早学的一首诗,另外一首大概就是<锄禾>了.前面一首描写的是长着一身雪白羽毛的大白鹅,悠闲地浮在清澈的水面,划动双蹼,时不时地向晴朗的天空伸长优美的脖子,嘴里发出"鹅,鹅"的叫喊召唤不远处的同伴.     

Spatial and temporal variations of two cyanobacteria in the mesotrophic Miyun reservoir, China

Spatial variations in phytoplankton community within a large mesotrophic reservoir （Miyun reservoir, North China） were investigated in relation to variations in physico-chemical properties, nutrient concentrations, temperature and light conditions over a 5 month period in 2009. The dynamics of phytoplankton community was represented by the dominance of cyanobacteria through summer and fall, following with a short term dominance of chlorophyta in late fall, and a relatively high abundance of diatom in October; on the other hand, maximum phytoplankton biomass was recorded in the north shallow region of Miyun reservoir with a higher nutrients level. Particular attention was paid to the impacts of environmental conditions on the growth of two cyanobacteria genera, the toxin-producing Microcystis and the taste ＆ odor-producing Oscillatoria. Microcystis biomass was in general greatly affected by water temperature and mixing depth/local water depth ratio in this reservoir, while the Oscillatoria biomass in the surface and middle layers was greatly affected by total dissolved phosphorus, and that in the bottom layer was related with the Secchi depth/local water depth ratio. Abundant Oscillatoria biomass was observed only in late September when Microcystis biomass decreased and allowed sufficient light go through.     

密云水库及其流域营养物集成模拟的情景分析研究

在密云水库水环境模拟预测集成模型的支持下,考察了不同点源、非点源污染负荷控制措施对水库水质的影响和作用,制定了4个情景方案.基础情景分析表明,密云水库TN超标严重,TP相对较好,叶绿素浓度超过10μg/L的区域主要集中在潮河库区,而且面积较大.情景1、情景2和情景3是考虑了不同点源、非点源管理措施后的密云水库水质状况.结果表明,营养负荷的下降能显著地改善水体水质,尤其是磷负荷的降低可有效地制约藻类生长,叶绿素浓度显著降低,超过10μg/L的区域缩小甚至消失.这一结论说明了加强密云水库流域及周边地区工业、生活和畜禽养殖等点源和农业非点源污染控制对改善密云水库水质的有效性和必要性.