基因型及播种密度对冬小麦分蘖期生长、生物量分配及产量的影响

采用双因素随机区组设计,研究了分别来自干旱与湿润区的4个小麦品种6个播种密度对冬小麦生长、生物量分配及产量的影响.结果表明,在本试验条件下,生长指标、生物量积累各指标及籽粒产量均主要受基因型和播种密度互作(g×d)影响,而成穗数、穗粒数主要受播种密度(d)的影响,基因型(g)则是引起小麦籽粒产量、千粒重及穗长变化的主要因素.白粒三号和川麦39最佳播种密度为315×104 hm-2,籽粒产量达到5 863.8 kg hm-2和5 882.1 kg hm-2;西农2000与陕麦139产量最佳播种密度为195×104 hm-2,籽粒产量分别为6 422.4 kg hm-2和7 062.4 kg hm-2.陕西小麦品种籽粒产量高出四川小麦约12.90%~18.62%.相关分析表明,籽粒产量与成穗数、千粒重呈极显著正相关(r=0.859 7**,r=0.499 3**),而与穗长、地上部干重及根系长度呈极显著负相关,与穗粒数及其它生长、生物量指标无显著相关.研究表明,干旱区小麦在湿润地区种植表现出较大的增产潜力,此外,在生产中应重视基因型和播种密度二者互作所表现出来的优势.表5参31     

镉胁迫下铵态氮对春小麦光合生理特性的影响

为了研究铵态氮肥在缓解镉毒害对植物影响方面的作用,减少镉的危害,试验采用盆栽方法模拟镉污染农田,以辽春10号小麦Triticum aestivum为试材,无氮无镉的处理（H0）作为对照,设置5个铵态氮施用水平,即0（CH0）、75（CH1）、150（CH2）、225（CH3）和300（CH4）kg·hm-2,研究不同施氮量下铵态氮肥对小麦光合生理特性的影响。结果表明：与无氮无镉处理相比,无氮镉胁迫处理极显著地（P〈0.01）抑制了小麦叶片净光合速率（Pn）、叶片气孔导度（Gs）、胞间CO2体积分数（Ci）、蒸腾速率（Tr）和Hill反应活力,但对小麦叶绿素含量和叶绿体Ca2＋/Mg2＋-ATPase活性的抑制作用不显著（P〉0.05）;小麦叶片Gs,Ci和Tr随着施氮量增加逐渐升高,而小麦叶片Pn、叶绿素含量、Hill反应活力和叶绿体Ca2＋/Mg2＋-ATPase活性呈现先升高后降低的趋势,从净光合速率角度看,225 kg·hm-2施氮水平（CH3）氮的解毒作用最佳。     

有关餐桌浪费的生态命题

餐桌浪费不只是个道德命题、更是一个生态命题,在建设节约型社会的今天,减少餐桌浪费,不但节约资源,也是减少环境压力的一个最便捷简单又行之有效的方法。来自中国农业大学食品科学与营养工程学院的调查数据显示:我国一年仅餐饮浪费的食物蛋白和脂肪就高达800万吨和300万吨,这相当于至少倒掉了两亿人一年的口粮。同样来自媒体的报道:全国     

粉煤灰改良重粘土地的投加量和后效试验

本文以燃煤电厂排放的粉煤灰为试验材料,研究了不同投加量对重粘土地小麦产量的影响及其后效。试验结果表明,粉煤灰改良重粘土地的效果是显著的。在一定施灰量范围内,对小麦的生长、发育及产量都有直接影响。尤以亩施5～8万斤灰增产最显著。     

壳寡糖缓解小麦镉毒害的某些生理特性研究

利用不同浓度壳寡糖溶液对小麦种子浸种,种子萌发后,对小麦幼苗进行Cd胁迫,研究了不同浓度的壳寡糖对小麦幼苗生长、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)等抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明:不同浓度壳寡糖浸种,对镉胁迫下小麦幼苗生长有促进作用,幼苗高度、根长、生物量均有增加;幼苗叶片中叶绿素含量增高;SOD、POD和CAT活性增加。随着镉胁迫时间的延长,SOD和CAT活性降低,但降低幅度小于对照;POD活性却表现增加,增加的幅度大于对照。壳寡糖不同浓度之间比较,低浓度壳寡糖对镉毒害的缓解效果优于高浓度。说明壳寡糖预处理对镉胁迫有缓解作用。     

Assessing the impact of fungicide enostroburin application on bacterial community in wheat phyllosphere

Fungicides have been used extensively for controlling fungal pathogens of plants. However, little is known regarding the effects that fungicides upon the indigenous bacterial communities within the plant phyllosphere. The aims of this study were to assess the impact of fungicide enostroburin upon bacterial communities in wheat phyllosphere. Culture-independent methodologies of 16S rDNA clone library and 16S rDNA directed polymerase chain reaction with denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) were used for monitoring the change of bacterial community. The 16S rDNA clone library and PCR-DGGE analysis both confirmed the microbial community of wheat plant phyllosphere were predominantly of the γ-Proteobacteria phyla. Results from PCR-DGGE analysis indicated a significant change in bacterial community structure within the phyllosphere following fungicide enostroburin application. Bands sequenced within control cultures were predominantly of Pseudomonas genus, but those bands sequenced in the treated samples were predominantly strains of Pantoea genus and Pseudomonas genus. Of interest was the appearance of two DGGE bands following fungicide treatment, one of which had sequence similarities (98%) to Pantoea sp. which might be a competitor of plant pathogens. This study revealed the wheat phyllosphere bacterial community composition and a shift in the bacterial community following fungicide enostroburin application.     

重金属铜在小麦中的富集特征

采用盆栽法,以小麦为受试作物,通过对不同时期各器官重金属含量的变化.研究重金属Cu在小麦中的富集特征.研究结果表明,在不同生长时期小麦不同部位中重金属Cu的含量有很大差异,总的来说,大部分Cu富集在小麦根部,向地上部分迁移较少,幼苗期分布为根>叶片;拔节期分布为根>茎>叶片:抽穗期分布为根>茎>叶片>颖壳;成熟期分布为根>茎>叶片>籽实>颖壳.小麦不同部位随Cu投加量增加对Cu的富集规律有所差异.如在各生长发育期.根中Cu含量整体上随Cu投加量增加逐渐增大.     

改良人工湿地技术处理小麦淀粉废水

介绍了一种改良人工湿地的工艺设计要点及优点,经工程实践表明,该人工湿地技术完全适合对小麦淀粉工业的废水处理,其建设运行成本低,出水水质CODCr稳定在80 mg/L以下,达到了国家以及地方环保部门的排放标准.     

Responses of wheat seedlings to cadmium, mercury and trichlorobenzene stresses

The molecular response of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.,cv.Yangmai 10) seedlings to heavy metal (Cd,Hg) and 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (TCB) stresses were examined by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis,image analysis,and peptide mass fingerprinting.The results showed inhibitions of root and shoot growth by Cd,Hg and TCB.These stresses led to water deficit and lipid phosphorylation in the seedling which also promoted protein phophorylation in the leaves.Hg stress inhibited protein synthesis while Cd and TCB stresses induced or up-regulated more proteins in the leaves.Most of these induced proteins played important roles in the biochemical reactions involved in tolerance of wheat to Cd and TCB stresses.The primary functions of Cd- and TCB-induced proteins included methionine metabolism,Rubisco modification,protein phosphorylation regulation,protein configuration protection,H+ transmembrane transportation and also the synthesis of ethylene defense substances and cell wall compounds.     

改性小麦秸秆去除赤潮异弯藻的实验研究

研究了改性小麦秸秆对赤潮异弯藻的去除作用和机制.结果表明,在与未改性秸秆相同用量(0.10 g/L)的情况下,在120 m in时,改性秸秆对赤潮异弯藻的去除率可以从10%左右提高到80%以上.为了探讨改性秸秆对赤潮异弯藻的去除机制,测定了核苷酸在260 nm时的吸光度,结果发现水体内核苷酸物质浓度增大,说明在此作用过程中,藻细胞膜结构遭到破坏,核苷酸物质由胞内释放.当改性秸秆用量为0.15 g/L时,释放核苷酸在260nm时吸光度与正常细胞的吸光度比值为1.17,此时改性秸秆对赤潮异弯藻造成的损害是不可逆的.实验发现,改性秸秆对赤潮异弯藻同时具有吸附作用和灭杀作用.当浓度较低时,改性秸秆通过吸附细胞体,或者与细胞膜结合,从而导致部分藻细胞的絮凝;而当浓度进一步增加时,改性秸秆可以破坏细胞膜的结构,导致大量膜内物质的释放,进而导致藻细胞的死亡.