太湖重污染区麦季养分输入与流失规律研究

为了识别太湖流域重污染区典型麦季污染物流失规律,以田间单元为研究对象,研究了麦季不同施肥处理条件下营养元素的输入和流失与降雨的关系。结果表明,大气湿沉降和施肥输入氮素190.23 kg/hm2,磷素19.12 kg/hm2;优化施肥-秸秆还田处理条件下COD、总氮和总磷平均流失量均小于常规施肥处理,而小麦产量有一定增加,说明采用深施化肥可以降低营养元素的流失,而秸秆还田措施对小麦产量的增加有一定帮助;径流流失中氮的形态以硝态氮为主,硝氮、氨氮平均浓度分别占总氮浓度的85.8%和4.84%,所以重污染区农田径流污染应着重考虑硝态氮的处理。文章研究结果可为太湖流域重污染区农田径流流失的治理提供基础性支撑。     

城市绿地削减降雨地表径流污染效应的试验研究

针对城市降雨地表径流造成的非点源污染已成为城市收纳水体水质恶化和生态退化的主要因素这一现状,利用室内土壤柱模拟城市绿地对典型降雨地表径流污染的削减效应,研究土地覆被、径流污染物浓度、土层厚度以及水力负荷与停留时间对污染削减率的影响.结果表明,在低、中和高3种典型降雨地表径流污染浓度水平(COD为44.5、144.3、487.2 mg.L-1;NH4+-N为4.27、11.44、36.61 mg.L-1;TP为0.98、2.85、9.66 mg.L-1),8.15、7.13和6.12 cm.h-1的进水负荷持续1 h条件下,城市绿地的污染削减能力良好、稳定,对照组对COD、NH4+-N和TP的平均削减率分别达到33.41%~37.14%、58.74%~61.49%和63.65%~67.08%;受复氧能力和水力停留时间的限制,绿地覆被植物对污染物削减率的影响不明显;随着降雨地表径流污染浓度水平的增加,绿地的污染综合削减率保持在50%~60%左右,略有增大趋势;绿地对降雨地表径流污染的削减主要发生在深度50~70 cm的土层之上.     

前期晴天时间对城市降雨径流污染水质的影响

识别影响城市降雨径流污染的主要因子是城市降雨径流污染治理和管理的前提和基础.为此,从2006年5月开始,选择镇江具有代表性的土地使用类型监测城市地表径流水质,分析前期晴天时间对城市地表降雨径污染物的影响.结果表明,随着前期晴天时间的增加,径流中粒径<40 μm的颗粒物粒径体积分数增加;径流中主要水质参数(TN、TP、Zn、Pb、Cu、TSS和COD)与前期晴天时间呈显著正相关,初期地表径流中溶解态污染物增加,说明前期晴天时间是影响城市径流污染浓度和形态的主要因子,从而为城市降雨径流污染的控制和治理提供科学依据.     

Multiple linear regression models of urban runo pollutant load and event mean concentration considering rainfall variables

Rainfall is an important factor in estimating the event mean concentration (EMC) which is used to quantify the washed-o pollutant concentrations from non-point sources (NPSs). Pollutant loads could also be calculated using rainfall, catchment area and runo coe cient. In this study, runo quantity and quality data gathered from a 28-month monitoring conducted on the road and parking lot sites in Korea were evaluated using multiple linear regression (MLR) to develop equations for estimating pollutant loads and EMCs as a function of rainfall variables. The results revealed that total event rainfall and average rainfall intensity are possible predictors of pollutant loads. Overall, the models are indicators of the high uncertainties of NPSs; perhaps estimation of EMCs and loads could be accurately obtained by means of water quality sampling or a long term monitoring is needed to gather more data that can be used for the development of estimation models.     

红枫湖流域农业面源污染治理的生物地球化学垒体系构建初探

在点源污染得到有效控制后,流域内农业面源污染逐渐成为了湖库氮、磷等营养物质外源输入的主要贡献者。本研究选取红枫湖流域农田土壤为研究对象,对其添加改良剂并种植植物来构建生物地球化学垒,并对其氮、磷拦截效应进行了综合评估。研究结果表明,添加Al₂(SO₄)₃、CaCl₂与钠基膨润土显著提高了土壤对NH⁺₄-N、NO^-₃-N和磷的拦截率,降低其流失程度。其中,对土壤添加CaCl₂改性钠基膨润土并种植植被构建的生物地球化学垒,对NH⁺₄-N、NO^-₃-N和磷的综合拦截效果最佳,截留率分别为87%、95%、93%。而添加了FeSO₄的土壤,NO^-₃-N的淋失程度增强,不宜选取。种植植物后,植物生长对土壤中氮和磷有一定的活化作用,导致模拟径流中NH     

南京地区水稻田N素径流流失模拟模型

针对稻作水肥管理特点,建立了降雨-径流-N素流失模拟模型,根据实测与文献资料确定模型主要参数,并输入1951至2006年56a逐日降水资料运用自编程序进行计算机模拟运算,以分析南京地区降雨量与水田径流量及径流N流失量的关系.结果发现,除了降雨量和径流量影响径流N量以外,施肥日期及其与较强径流出现的时间间隔也对径流N量有很大影响.进一步分析表明,施肥后7d是降低水稻生长期径流N量的关键时期,6月中旬栽插有利于减少径流N的产生.     

密云水库库滨带植被水土保持作用的研究

以裸露荒坡地为对照,在密云水库库滨带不同植被中设置径流试验小区,研究植物生物学特性及其动态变化对坡地水土流失防治的影响,结果得出,不同恢复植被中,人工草地建植1年后,植株密度可达545.0×104株/hm²,植被覆盖度与0~30cm土层地下生物量最高可达92.3%~97.7%和2 238.8kg/hm²;雨季玉米植株高度与地上生物量在各类型植被中最高,可达133.3cm 和11035.3kg/hm²,此时自然恢复地植被地上、地下生物量相对最低。坡地水土流失与降雨有关,降雨量越大,水土流失越严重,但无论降雨量大小,人工草地水土保持效果最佳,保水、固土能力可达92.3%~93.2%和99.8%~99.9%,其次是围封1年后的自然恢复植被,保水、固土能力为83.3%和98.7%;玉米作物水土保持效果最差,保水、固土能力仅为8.9%和18.5%。     

模拟城市径流中加乐麝香和镉对大型水蚤的毒性效应

通过生物测试,研究了加乐麝香和重金属镉在模拟城市径流和清水条件下对大型水蚤(Daphnia magna)的单一、联合毒性效应.结果表明,在单一毒性效应试验中,当暴露时间为24,48h时,加乐麝香和镉在模拟城市径流条件下的EC50值分别为2.455,1.187mg/L以及0.384,0.304mg/L;在清水试验条件下的EC50值分别为0.533,0.189mg/L以及0.359,0.244mg/L.2种污染物在模拟城市径流条件下EC50值均高于清水条件下的EC50值.采用毒性1∶1试验测定2种污染物联合毒性效应,当暴露时间为24,48h时,在清水条件下AI>0,二者联合毒性效应表现为协同效应;在模拟城市径流条件下,AI<0,联合毒性效应为拮抗效应.     

昆明市水源区不同利用类型坡地径流氮和磷的输出特征

采用径流小区法对昆明市松华坝水源区牧羊河中游5种不同利用类型坡地2007年雨季地表径流氮和磷的输出情况进行观测分析.结果表明,随着雨季降雨次数的增加,径流小区产生的水样中,输出的ρ(TN)和ρ(TP)逐渐下降,在7月3日—9月17日的7次采样中,裸地、黄豆地、林地、土豆地和草地径流输出的ρ(TN)分别下降83.2%,79.8%,78.4%,75.9%和75.3%;输出的ρ(TP)分别下降74.6%,62.2%,54.2%,75.3%和72.1%,由此说明氮和磷的输出与地表径流及土壤侵蚀具有一致性.在氮和磷的输出过程中,强降雨对输出影响较大,施肥对输出影响明显.输出的可溶态氮素主要以NO₃--N为主.      

Removal of non-point pollutants from bridge runoff by a hydrocyclone using natural water head

A hydrocyclone using natural water head provided by bridge was operated for the treatment of stormwater runoff. The hydrocyclone was automatically controlled using electronic valve which is connected to a pressure meter. Normally the hydrocyclone was open during dry days, but it was closed after the capture of the first flush. The results indicated that the average pressure and the flow rate were directly affected by the rainfall intensity. The pressure head was more than 2 m when the rainfall intensity was above 5mm·h^-1. The percentage volume of underflow with high solids concentration decreased as the pressure and flow rate increased, but the percentage volume of overflow with almost no solids showed the opposite behavior. The total suspended solids （TSS） concentration ratio between the overflow and inflow （TSSover/TSSin） decreased as a function of the operational pressure, while the corresponding ratio of underflow to inflow （TSSunaer/TSSi,） increased. The TSS separation efficiency was evaluated based on a mass balance. It ranged from 25% to 99% with the pressure head ranging from 1.4 to 9.7 m, and it was proportional to pressure and flow rate. Normally, the efficiency was more than 50% when the pressure was higher than 2 m. The analysis of the water budget indicated that around 13% of the total runoff was captured by the hydrocyclone as a first flush, and this runoff was separated as underflow and overflow with the respective percentage volumes of 29% and 71%. The pollutants budget was also examined based on a mass balance. The results showed that the percentage of TSS, chemical oxygen demand （COD）, total nitrogen （TN）, and total phosphorus （TP） in underflow were 73%, 59%, 7.6%, and 49%, respectively. Thus, it can be concluded that the hydrocyclone worked well. It separated the first flush as solids-concentrated underflow and solids-absent overflow, and effectively reduced the runoff volume needing further treatment. Finally, four types of optional post treatment design are presented and compared.