介质阻挡放电产生臭氧的特性研究

臭氧由于具有强氧化性,在众多领域已经得到了广泛的应用。本文通过试验研究了介质阻挡放电产生臭氧的特性。结果表明:外加电压增大时,臭氧浓度和产速都不断增大,臭氧产率则是先增长,达到最大值后又开始略微下降;气体流速增大时,臭氧浓度不断减小,而臭氧产速和产率都是先增长,达到最大值后又开始下降;电源频率在5.0～9.9kHz范围内改变时,臭氧浓度、产速和产率变化不明显;当电介质厚度不变时,在0.3～0.5mm范围内改变间隙厚度,小间隙厚度优势不明显。     

常规洗井和取样法存在问题及新方法介绍

通过分析国内外研究,阐述了常规洗井和取样(以潜水泵洗井,提桶或贝勒管取样为例)过程的一些弊端,并介绍了一种国内文献中未见的方法—低流速法。该法所采得的样品在代表性方面优势更加明显,获得的数据更加准确。     

晃动平台下ADCP测流误差分析与校正

测量不稳定流和受潮汐影响的流量一直是水文工作者所面临的难题。对于工作在海水中的走航式ADCP(声学多普勒流速剖面仪),在测量流速时,受风浪影响,往往引起测量平台的晃动,通过外接光纤陀螺,对平台的姿态进行修正,从而提高ADCP的测量精度。针对典型四波束ADCP建立了在考虑到平台晃动情况下的误差修正模型,仿真结果表明该方法可明显提高测流精度。     

微反应器矩形微通道截面高宽比对流速的影响

利用Fluent流体计算软件对矩形微通道在质量流量为0.04～0.25g/s,雷诺数在100～1100,矩形截面高宽比在0.10～1之间的层流流动进行了数值模拟研究,其中矩形微通道采用硅为材料,水作为流动介质,得出了流量相等条件下微通道截面高宽比对流速大小的影响。     

Levels and distribution of brominated flame retardants in the soil of Harbin in China

This study reports the presence of brominated flame retardants in the topsoil in and around Harbin, a city in northeastern China. Samples of soil were collected from 17 locations in 2006, and the levels of 9 polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs 17, 28, 47, 66, 99, 100, 153, 154, and 183) ranged from 2.45 to 55.9 pg/g dry weight (dw) with a mean of 26.3 pg/g dw. These levels are very low comparing with those for some cities in Europe and USA. BDE 209 and hexabromocyclododecane were the two dominant congeners, with mean concentrations of 520 pg/g dw and 1750 pg/g dw, respectively. The concentrations of the total nine PBDE congeners clearly decreased from urban areas to background, but the compositions of individual congeners di ered. Proportions of heavier congeners decreased while those of lighter congeners increased, along urban-rural-background transect, providing evidence for an urban fractionation e ect. Correlation analysis indicated similar sources for PBDEs, hexabromocyclododecane, and 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)-ethane from urban areas but pentabromoethylbenzene was probably present due to long-range atmospheric transport. Principal component analysis was used to determine the characteristics of the relationships among these brominated flame retardants in the field.     

旱作农业土壤矿质态氮随地表径流迁移特征研究

为了了解旱作农业土壤中氮素随地表径流的流失水平及规律,于野外夏玉米试验田中进行了模拟降雨与自然降雨条件下的对比试验,并通过对水量和水质的同步监测,研究了不同施肥水平下氮素的流失效应.其中,模拟降雨采用的两个降雨强度分别为40和70mm.h-1,3个尿素施肥水平分别为287、431和575kg.hm-2(以N计),每次自然降雨的试验小区布置相同.试验期间,共有20次降雨事件(包括模拟降雨),其中,4次降雨过程中产生了地表径流并有氮素流失.结果表明,次降雨径流过程中硝态氮流失浓度先迅速增大后逐步降低,而铵态氮流失浓度变化平稳,且流失浓度较低.次降雨间氮素流失平均浓度相差较大,尤其体现在硝态氮浓度上更为明显.此外,研究发现,次降雨径流过程地表氮素流失初期效应明显,且受降雨强度影响显著.通过氮素流失水平的计算发现,研究区大于25mm的降雨类型会有明显的地表径流产生及氮素流失.     

Multiple linear regression models of urban runo pollutant load and event mean concentration considering rainfall variables

Rainfall is an important factor in estimating the event mean concentration (EMC) which is used to quantify the washed-o pollutant concentrations from non-point sources (NPSs). Pollutant loads could also be calculated using rainfall, catchment area and runo coe cient. In this study, runo quantity and quality data gathered from a 28-month monitoring conducted on the road and parking lot sites in Korea were evaluated using multiple linear regression (MLR) to develop equations for estimating pollutant loads and EMCs as a function of rainfall variables. The results revealed that total event rainfall and average rainfall intensity are possible predictors of pollutant loads. Overall, the models are indicators of the high uncertainties of NPSs; perhaps estimation of EMCs and loads could be accurately obtained by means of water quality sampling or a long term monitoring is needed to gather more data that can be used for the development of estimation models.     

藻红外辐射测试环境重金属急性毒性

快速、简便、有效地检测环境中重金属毒性是环境保护的一项重要内容.敏感藻是指藻红外测试中对毒物响应的温差大、种类多、时间快、剂量低的特殊藻类,为探寻对重金属急性毒性响应的敏感藻,2006年5月至2007年10月,进行了8种藻对10种重金属的温度响应测试试验.结果表明:平均响应温差短线脆杆藻(Fragilaria brevistriata)最大,为0.24 ℃,高出8种藻的0.19 ℃总平均温差0.05 ℃;较好药品响应率短线脆杆藻最高,为80%;平均响应时间短线脆杆藻居中,为4.65 min,低于8种藻的总平均响应时间5.21 min;短线脆杆藻对重金属的灵敏度在0.06～7.0 mg?L-1之间,发光细菌在0.07~15.3 mg?L-1之间,表明短线脆杆藻对重金属响应的剂量低.根据敏感藻的定义和分析结果,确定短线脆杆藻为本试验的敏感藻.     

膨润土负载壳聚糖修复土壤镉污染的效果

随着重金属污染土壤日益加剧,污染土壤修复和控制技术的研究越来越迫切.为利用膨润土原位修复土壤镉污染提供理论依据,采用平衡吸附试验研究了Cd2 在膨润土负载壳聚糖上的吸附行为.以90%脱乙酰度壳聚糖为原料,制备了膨润土负载壳聚糖颗粒吸附剂,用于吸附溶液中Cd2 .试验探讨了壳聚糖质量浓度对负载率的影响,结果表明,质量浓度3%的壳聚糖负载量最大,壳聚糖最大负载率达32.6%.吸附Cd2 最佳工艺条件是:壳聚糖与膨润土质量比为1∶20,膨润土负载壳聚糖颗粒吸附剂用量为15 g·L-1,溶液中Cd2 含量不大于200 mg·L-1, pH 值为6～8,吸附平衡时间为8 min,Cd2 去除率为99%.动态吸附Cd2 试验结果表明:质量浓度为 200 mg·L-1的含Cd2 溶液,流速为4～6 m(h-1,经壳聚糖-膨润土吸附剂一次处理后,溶液中Cd2 的残留量为0.7 mg(L-1.     

淮南市电厂和炉渣中汞的分布规律

汞是煤中潜在毒害微量元素中关注最多的元素之一,而燃煤是大气中汞的重要来源,2005年美国环保局(EPA)首次公布了洁净空气中汞的标准,对电厂燃煤过程中汞的排放进行了限制,同时,对燃煤过程中汞排放量的限制将是发展洁净煤技术和环境保护的重要内容之一.