Mine Underground Enviromnent Quality Monitoring

结合井下空间环境质量和监测的现状,从国家矿山井下安全避险“六大系统”的规定出发,针对矿山井巷系统及井巷环境特点,对CO气体、风速的监测以及环境监测网络所存在的困难进行了分析,在此基础上给出了井下环境监测传感器选择及应用注意事项,井下环境监测构建的形式及发展方向.     

公路隧道纵向诱导风速对火灾烟气控制效果影响分析

针对某公路隧道采用集中排烟方式的工程实际,为了分析纵向诱导风速对隧道火灾烟气控制效果的影响规律,进而确定可能的火灾场景时的合理纵向诱导风速,采用火灾动力学模拟软件FDS构建了数值分析模型,并设计了相应的火灾工况.根据隧道实际交通流量、车辆类型及公路等级,确定了模拟火灾规模.分别分析了火灾规模为50 MW时隧道内不同火源位置(排烟阀打开段中部、上游1个/下游5个排烟阀、上游2个/下游4个排烟阀),不同排烟方式下(双向均衡排烟、上游端单向排烟、下游端单向排烟),不同纵向诱导风速情况时的隧道2m高处能见度、烟气蔓延范围及排烟效率,根据模拟分析结果,进而确定了不同火灾工况时的合理纵向诱导风速.结果表明:不同纵向诱导风速对集中排烟模式下烟气控制效果影响显著;特定火灾规模时,火源位置、排烟方式对合理纵向诱导风速的影响不大.     

基于LDA的矩形巷道测风站风速测定与校正实验研究

针对传统接触性瞬时测风方法未能体现风流脉动性及随机性的特点,在15组不同断面平均风速下,采用非接触式湍流测试手段激光多普勒测速仪（LDA）,对测风站巷道断面中垂线上24个测点的风速进行测试。实验表明,断面测点瞬时速度时间序列极不规则,但速度大小服从正态分布,具有规则的统计规律。基于湍流统计平均后,测风站断面某点的测点风速与断面平均风速呈线性关系,经验证,通过校正系数,可根据断面任意一点风速值来确定断面平均风速的大小。研究表明,LDA测量技术可以精准测试巷道流场的湍流特性,基于统计平均的结果为井下测风站风速传感器的校正提供一种新的技术途径。     

风沙区农田防护林带生态规划设计研究

通过观测和研究 ,得出风沙区农田防护林带的走向与主风方向的交角 ,不能小于 45° ,主林带间距 15 0m——— 2 0 0m ,副林带间距 2 3 0m——— 70 0m ,林带结构以疏透结构为最好 ,主林带一般由主林木 5— 6行组成 ,副林带由 2— 3行组成 ,再在迎风面和背风面配置 1行— 2行灌木和针叶树     

环青海湖地区风的气候变化特征分析

选取青海湖周围几个代表台站，根据定时、逐日、月、年风向、风速资料，统计了环青海湖地区风的气候变化特征。     

高空偏北风背景下北京地区高污染形成的环境气象机制研究

在北京地区,有一类高污染产生在850 h Pa以上为偏北风的背景下.利用气象观测资料、NCEP再分析资料和地面PM2.5浓度监测结果分析了环境气象条件在这类污染过程形成中的作用.结果表明,在污染物浓度逐渐升高的过程中,环境大气并不总是处在层结稳定状态,有利于污染物累积的气象条件来自垂直运动和散度在垂直方向上的"分层"结构.从地面到对流层中层,垂直速度呈上升-下沉-上升的分布,而且散度呈辐合-辐散-辐合的结构.近地层的辐合导致周边的污染物向本地汇集,上升运动则将它们送向空中.但是,叠置在其上空的、长时间维持的下沉气流层却阻止了污染物继续向上运动,从而导致近地面层的污染浓度不断升高.垂直运动出现"分层"是由于高空偏北风并没有侵入到边界层内,近地层仍然维持偏南风或小风,冷空气太弱或者没有冷空气活动是高空偏北风不能到达近地层的主要原因.而下沉气流层的形成则与其上空的空气辐合有关,该辐合层源自偏北气流中的风速脉动.因此,环境大气动力作用是高空偏北气流型空气污染过程形成的关键机制.关注对流层中下层温度24 h变化、垂直速度和散度的垂直分布将有助于提高此类高污染过程的诊断分析和预报能力.     

Settling basin design in a constructed wetland using TSS removal efficiency and hydraulic retention time

Using total suspended solid （TSS） removal efficiency and hydraulic retention time （HRT） as design parameters a design guideline of a settling basin in a constructed wetland （CW） was suggested; as well as management of sediment and particle in the settling basin. The CW was desiEned to treat the piggery wastewater effluent from a wastewater treatment plant during dry days and stonnwater runoff from the surrounding paved area during wet days. The first settling basin （FSB） in the CVV was theoretically designed with a total storage volume （TSV） of 453 ms and HRT of 5.5 hr. The amount of sediment and particles settled at the FSB was high due to the sedimentation and interception of plants in the CVV. Dredging of sediments was performed when the retention rate at the FSB decreased to approximately 80%. Findings showed that the mean flow rate was 21.8 m3/hr less than the designed flow rate of 82.8 m3/hr indicating that the FSB was oversize and operated with longer HRT （20.7 hr） compared to the design HRT. An empirical model to estimate the length of the settling basin in the CW was developed as a function of HRT and desired TSS removal efficiency. Using the minimum tolerable TSS removal efficiency of 30%, the length of the FSB was estimated to be 31.2 m with 11.8 hr HRT.     

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans and polychlorinated biphenyls in surface soil from the Tibetan Plateau

Concentrations of Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans（PCDD/Fs） and polychlorinated biphenyls（PCBs） in soil samples from Tibetan Plateau were determined. The average concentration of total 2,3,7,8-PCDD/Fs was（2.30 ± 1.02） pg/g, and World Health Organization Toxicity Equivalency（WHO-TEQ） average concentration was（0.013 ± 0.010）pg WHO-TEQ/g. The average concentration of ∑PCBs（7 indicator PCB and 12 dioxin like-PCB congeners） was（16.2 ± 9.25） pg/g, and WHO-TEQ average concentration was 0.043 ±0.049 pg WHO-TEQ/g. Comparing to previous studies in similar environmental conditions,PCDD/Fs and PCBs in this study showed a relatively lower concentration. The altitude dependences of PCDD/Fs and PCBs were also studied. Total organic carbon（TOC） normalized concentrations presented a quadratic relation with the altitudes, and an inflection could be found on the parabola of the total concentrations and some congeners of high concentration.The concentrations decreased with altitudes below about 4500 m above sea level（a.s.l.）, while they increased with altitudes above it. These phenomena indicate that cold condensation of PCDD/Fs and PCBs would happen above 4500 m a.s.l, on the Tibetan Plateau.     

Effects of ozonation and coagulation on effluent organic matter characteristics and ultrafiltration membrane fouling

Effluent organic matter （EfOM） is the major cause of fouling in the low pressure membranes process for wastewater reuse. Coagulation and oxidation of biological wastewater treatment effluent have been applied for the fouling control of microfiltration membranes. However, the change in EfOM structure by pre-treatments has not been clearly identified. The changes of EfOM characteristics induced by coagulation and ozonation were investigated through size exclusion chromatography, UV/Vis spectrophotometry, fluorescence spectrophotometry and titrimetric analysis to identify the mechanisms in the reduction of ultrafiltration （UF） membrane fouling. The results indicated that reduction of flux decline by coagulation was due to modified characteristics of dissolved organic carbon （DOC） content. Total concentration of DOC was not reduced by ozonation. However, the mass fraction of the molecules with molecular weight larger than 5 kDa, fluorescence intensity, aromaticity, highly condensed chromophores, average molecular weight and soluble microbial byproducts decreased greatly after ozonation. These results indicated that EfOM was partially oxidized by ozonation to low molecular weight, highly charged compounds with abundant electron- withdrawing functional groups, which are favourable for alleviating UF membrane flux decline.     

新疆五彩湾矿区气象模拟与分析

本文以美国国家大气研究中心(NCAR)气象再分析数据(Reanalysis data)和美国地质调查局(USGS)地理数据为基础,采用MM5/CALMET耦合模拟新疆五彩湾矿区四季的风速矢量场、温度场以及混合层高度。结果表明:春季的平均风速最大,为3.90m/s;风向全年以北西向及东南风为主。冬季与夏季相比,逆温层厚度较大、维持时间较长,夏季混合层高度较高;而冬季辐射能力较弱,混合层高度最大只有200m。矿区四季温差较大,夏季和冬季最高温和最低温最大相差37℃,并且昼夜温差在10℃以上。