西太平洋吹来的台风

台风是热带气旋的一种极端形式。气象学上,台风专指北太平洋西部（国际日期线以西,包括南中国海）洋面上发生,近中心最大持续风速达到12级及以上（即每秒32.6米以上）的热带气旋。至于在大西洋或北太平洋东部发生,达到同样强度的热带气旋,则称为飓风。     

超声强化金刚石膜电极电化学降解效率的机制

从电化学氧化的传质过程、吸附与脱附、电极反应3个步骤,考察了超声强化金刚石膜电极(BDD)电化学降解效率的机制.超声对上述3个步骤都有显著影响.超声增强了污染物的传质过程,苯酚和邻苯二甲酸的传质系数分别由5.4×10-6m/s和6.7×10-6m/s增大至2.0×10-5m/s,提高了270%和199%.污染物在BDD电极表面的电化学吸附特性决定了超声对吸附与脱附过程的作用.苯酚的吸附量大,但中间产物难于脱附,超声虽然使得吸附量由6.49×10-10mol/cm2减小至1.39x10-10mol/cm2,但促进了产物的脱附,产生了正效应,有利于直接氧化,氧化峰电流提高了32%;邻苯二甲酸的吸附能力弱,超声使得吸附量由1.25×10-11mol/cm2进一步减小至3.11×10-12mol/cm2,产生了负效应,导致直接氧化消失.超声可以显著提高BDD电极的降解效率,而且对苯酚降解的促进作用更为明显.苯酚的平均电化学氧化能量利用率提高了287%,高于邻苯二甲酸的224%,这主要是因为超声可以同时强化苯酚的直接氧化和间接氧化,但对于邻苯二甲酸,间接氧化得到了加强,却不发生直接氧化.     

民勤沙尘源区近地面降尘特征研究

借助近地面沙尘暴监测系统进行沙尘暴监测,分析民勤沙尘源区近地面降尘分布特征.结果表明:民勤降尘量与沙尘天气发生频率密切相关,春季3,4月沙尘高发期月降尘量分别为9.0和9.5 mg/cm2.降尘随距地面高度的增加而减小,最大降尘出现在近地面1 m处,月降尘量为9.7 mg/cm2;降尘受下垫面条件影响较大,从荒漠区到绿洲边缘,风速减弱4.11%,总降尘量由25.0 mg/cm2减少到20.6 mg/cm2;绿洲内部受防护林作用,风速减弱30.45%,总降尘量增到24.6 mg/cm2,最大降尘量提高到近地面9 m处,与绿洲防护林冠层平均高度相吻合.风速对近地面20m内的降尘影响明显,平均降尘量2.5 mg/cm2.距地面9 m的高度范围内,降尘随持续时间变化迅速增加,降尘增量可达3.1 mg/cm2.      

风速对人为扬尘源PM10排放浓度和强度的影响

人为扬尘源排放模型很少考虑风速对排放的影响,为了解人为扬尘源排放浓度及排放强度与风速的关系.以施工扬尘和道路扬尘为典型人为扬尘源,通过现场实测研究了风速对扬尘源附近大气环境中扬尘排放浓度、排放强度的影响.结果表明,扬尘源附近大气环境中因扬尘造成的PM10(可吸入颗粒物)排放浓度随风速的增加先降后升,本研究中最低浓度值所对应的2.2 m高度处的风速v(cmin)为1.0-2.0 m/s;扬尘排放强度随风速的增加逐渐升高,风速相似文献   

大气环境质量目标值的保证率分析

对城市大气污染物的日平均浓度及年日平均浓度的关系进行了分析,并指出在不同的城市及区域由于气象条件和地表因子存在差异,在确定“质量目标”时日平均浓度达标“保证率”是一个重要的因素。十年来监测资料分析表明,常州市区若以TSP年日平均值0.072mg/m~3,SO_2年日平均值0.06mg/m~3作为“质量目标”,相应的TSP、SO_2日平均浓度达标(国家二级标准)保证率将分别为90％、98％。     

基于系统动力学的安全经验仿真试验研究

为了指导企业的安全监管部门和人力资源部门制定有关企业人员变动的相关安全措施,以使员工个体和企业安全经验增强,达到降低安全生产事故的目的。运用系统动力学方法和Vensim软件,建立了安全经验与员工人数关系的仿真模型,对企业员工雇佣率和十万人死亡率这两个调控变量分别采取不同的参数进行仿真试验,设计了6种仿真试验方案,从安全经验微观的员工个体总有效经验和宏观的企业平均安全经验两个角度,对安全经验随着企业员工雇佣率和十万人死亡率这两个因素变动的趋势进行了分析和预测,从而得出企业降低员工死亡率是根本,控制新进员工人数的同时选择安全经验丰富的员工进厂,对企业提高宏观和微观的安全经验都有着积极深远的影响。     

渤海渔获物资源结构的变化特征及其影响因素分析

论文基于对渔业统计和海洋调查资料的集成研究,运用渔获物平均营养级指数探讨了近50 a 来渤海捕捞渔获物资源结构的变化特征及其影响因素,发现1956-2000 年间,渤海捕捞渔获物平均营养级（Y）与公元年份（X）具有Y=-0.008X+19.777 （R=-0.710,n=41,Sig.=0.000）的统计关系,渤海捕捞渔获物平均营养级每年下降约0.01。黄河入海径流量与捕捞渔获物平均营养级之间正相关性显著,其机制是淡水输入量通过改变适应不同盐度渔业资源生物幼体的相对组成而最终影响其成体后的组成结构;通过食物链的传递,水体氮磷比的升高和硅的降低也会对其产生影响;浮游动物与底栖动物生物量比值与浮游食物链和底栖食物链渔业资源生物量比值有很好的对应关系,表明上行作用对捕捞渔获物资源结构的变化具有重要影响。     

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans and polychlorinated biphenyls in surface soil from the Tibetan Plateau

Concentrations of Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans（PCDD/Fs） and polychlorinated biphenyls（PCBs） in soil samples from Tibetan Plateau were determined. The average concentration of total 2,3,7,8-PCDD/Fs was（2.30 ± 1.02） pg/g, and World Health Organization Toxicity Equivalency（WHO-TEQ） average concentration was（0.013 ± 0.010）pg WHO-TEQ/g. The average concentration of ∑PCBs（7 indicator PCB and 12 dioxin like-PCB congeners） was（16.2 ± 9.25） pg/g, and WHO-TEQ average concentration was 0.043 ±0.049 pg WHO-TEQ/g. Comparing to previous studies in similar environmental conditions,PCDD/Fs and PCBs in this study showed a relatively lower concentration. The altitude dependences of PCDD/Fs and PCBs were also studied. Total organic carbon（TOC） normalized concentrations presented a quadratic relation with the altitudes, and an inflection could be found on the parabola of the total concentrations and some congeners of high concentration.The concentrations decreased with altitudes below about 4500 m above sea level（a.s.l.）, while they increased with altitudes above it. These phenomena indicate that cold condensation of PCDD/Fs and PCBs would happen above 4500 m a.s.l, on the Tibetan Plateau.     

Settling basin design in a constructed wetland using TSS removal efficiency and hydraulic retention time

Using total suspended solid （TSS） removal efficiency and hydraulic retention time （HRT） as design parameters a design guideline of a settling basin in a constructed wetland （CW） was suggested; as well as management of sediment and particle in the settling basin. The CW was desiEned to treat the piggery wastewater effluent from a wastewater treatment plant during dry days and stonnwater runoff from the surrounding paved area during wet days. The first settling basin （FSB） in the CVV was theoretically designed with a total storage volume （TSV） of 453 ms and HRT of 5.5 hr. The amount of sediment and particles settled at the FSB was high due to the sedimentation and interception of plants in the CVV. Dredging of sediments was performed when the retention rate at the FSB decreased to approximately 80%. Findings showed that the mean flow rate was 21.8 m3/hr less than the designed flow rate of 82.8 m3/hr indicating that the FSB was oversize and operated with longer HRT （20.7 hr） compared to the design HRT. An empirical model to estimate the length of the settling basin in the CW was developed as a function of HRT and desired TSS removal efficiency. Using the minimum tolerable TSS removal efficiency of 30%, the length of the FSB was estimated to be 31.2 m with 11.8 hr HRT.     

Relationship between catchment characteristics and nitrogen forms in Cao-E River Basin, Eastern China

The distribution of different nitrogen forms and their spatial and temporal variations in different pollution types of tributaries or reaches were investigated. Based on the catchments characteristics the tributaries or reaches can be classified into 4 types, including headwater in mountainous areas (type I), agricultural non-point source (NPS) pollution in rural areas (type II), municipal and industrial pollution in urban areas (type III), and combined pollution in main stream (type IV). Water samples were...