活性污泥絮体的分形结构分析

通过小角光散射(small-angle light scattering,SALS)实验确定出活性污泥絮体的分形区域,对絮体粒径分布进行了拟合分析,采用原子力显微镜(AFM)和激光共聚焦扫描显微镜(CLSM)对絮体在不同尺度下的形貌进行了观测.结果显示,污泥絮体是由一系列的絮团结合而成,絮体表面凹凸不平,有各种"孔洞","缝隙",絮体内部存在一系列的孔隙.较大尺度的絮体同时存在多种孔道结构,构成絮体中营养物和水流的运输通道;污泥絮体在0.5～50μm之间具有明显的分形结构,表明活性污泥絮体在较小的粒径时已经具有一定的分形特征,活性污泥的粒度分布属于Gamma分布方式,证明污泥絮体的成长过程是一种絮团-絮团的凝聚过程.     

酸性矿山废水的治理技术现状及进展

酸性矿山废水(AMD)是矿山废水中危害最严重的一类废水,其产生原因和治理技术引起了广泛的重视。介绍了酸性矿山废水的主要产生原因,综述了国内外治理酸性矿山废水技术的研究现状,包括化学法、物理法、生物法、湿地法等,讨论了相关技术存在的问题,并总结了酸性矿山废水技术的新进展和发展趋势。     

短程硝化颗粒污泥的快速培养与硝化特性研究

以城市污水处理厂剩余污泥为种泥,以2 min沉淀时间为选择压,在序批式反应器(SBR)中快速培养出好氧颗粒污泥。经过60个周期(20 d),反应器内出现砂粒状颗粒,并持续稳定运行120 d。成熟的颗粒污泥平均粒径856.56μm,具有良好的硝化性能。SBR反应器以固定曝气时间方式运行,亚硝酸盐积累率达80%以上,实现了稳定短程硝化。试验结果表明:絮体污泥(即接种污泥)与颗粒污泥的硝化过程相似但略有差异。二者差别在于,氨氮氧化结束后,继续曝气120 min,絮体污泥将亚硝酸盐完全转化为硝酸盐,而颗粒污泥仅将部分亚硝酸盐转化且过程比较缓慢。     

不同曝气强度下SBR系统污染物去除及N_2O排放研究

为考察曝气强度对SBR(A/O)系统N2O产生量的影响,试验采用人工合成废水长期驯化2个月后的污泥,分别考察了在0.2,0.4,0.6L/min三个曝气强度下对污染物的去除情况及N2O的产生情况。结果表明:在三种曝气强度下磷酸盐的平均去除率均可达95%⁹8%,低曝气强度下N2O释放量明显高于中等曝气强度,高曝气强度下N2O释放量最大,0.4L/min曝气强度下污染物去除率最好N2O释放量低,因此确定为最佳曝气强度。     

活性炭吸附法处理冶金废水的工程设计模型

以博哈特(Bohart)和亚当斯(Adams)方程为推导依据,结合连续进水活性炭模型实验,证明了活性炭吸附法处理冶金废水的可行性,且得出了活性炭吸附高度、工作周期、污染物去除率等重要设计参数之间的关系,为活性炭的工程设计提出了一套有效的参考计算方法和设计程序。     

Biodegradation of 2-methylquinoline by Enterobacter aerogenes TJ-D isolated from activated sludge

Bacterial strain Enterobacter aerogenes TJ-D capable of utilizing 2-methylquinoline as the sole carbon and energy source was isolated from acclimated activated sludge under denitrifying conditions. The ability to degrade 2-methylquinoline by E. aerogenes TJ-D was investigated under denitrifying conditions. Under optimal conditions of temperature (35℃) and initial pH 7, 2-methylquinoline of 100 mg/L was degraded within 176 hr. The degradation of 2-methylquinoline by E. aerogenes TJ-D could be well described by the Haldane model (R² > 0.91). During the degradation period of 2-methylquinoline (initial concentration 100 mg/L), nitrate was almost completely consumed (the removal efficiency was 98.5%), while nitrite remained at low concentration (< 0.62 mg/L) during the whole denitrification period. 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-2-methylquinoline, 4-ethyl-benzenamine, N-butyl-benzenamine, N-ethyl-benzenamine and 2,6-diethyl-benzenamine were metabolites produced during the degradation. The degradation pathway of 2-methylquinoline by E. aerogenes TJ-D was proposed. 2-Methylquinoline is initially hydroxylated at C-4 to form 2-methyl-4-hydroxy-quinoline, and then forms 2-methyl-4-quinolinol as a result of tautomerism. Hydrogenation of the heterocyclic ring at positions 2 and 3 produces 2,3-dihydro-2-methyl-4-quinolinol. The carbon-carbon bond at position 2 and 3 in the heterocyclic ring may cleave and form 2-ethyl-N-ethyl-benzenamine. Tautomerism may result in the formation of 2,6-diethyl-benzenamine and N-butyl-benzenamine. 4-Ethyl-benzenamine and N-ethyl-benzenamine were produced as a result of losing one ethyl group from the above molecules.     

Photocatalytic activity of TiO2 containing anatase nanoparticles and rutile nanoflower structure consisting of nanorods

A series of TiO2 with different crystal phases and morphologies was synthesized via a facile hydrothermal process using titanium nbutoxide and concentrated hydrochloric acid as raw materials. The photocatalytic activity of the samples was evaluated by degradation of Methyl Orange in aqueous solution under UV-Visible light irradiation. On the basis of detailed analysis of the characterizing results of high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction measurements, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller measurement, it was concluded that the photo-activity of the catalyst is related directly to the 3D morphology and the crystal phase composition. An excellent catalyst should have both a futile 3D flower-like structure and anatase granulous particles. The 3D flower-like structure could enhance light harvesting, as well as the transfer of reactant molecules from bulk solution to the reactive sites on TiO2. In addition, the optimum anatase/rutile phase ratio was found to be 80：20, which is beneficial to the effective separation of the photogenerated electron-hole pairs.     

Electrochemical and spectroscopic characteristics of dissolved organic matter in a forest soil profile

Dissolved organic matter （DOM） represents one of the most mobile and reactive organic compounds in ecosystem and plays an important role in the fate and transport of soil organic pollutants, nutrient cycling and more importantly global climate change. Electrochemical methods were first employed to evaluate DOM redox properties, and spectroscopic approaches were utilized to obtain information concerning its composition and structure. DOM was extracted from a forest soil profile with five horizons. Differential pulse voltammetry indicated that there were more redox-active moieties in the DOM from upper horizons than in that from lower horizons. Cyclic voltammetry further showed that these moieties were reversible in electron transfer. Chronoamperometry was employed to quantify the electron transfer capacity of DOM, including electron acceptor capacity and electron donor capacity, both of which decreased sharply with increasing depth. FT-IR, UV-Vis and fluorescence spectra results suggested that DOM from the upper horizons was enriched with aromatic and humic structures while that from the lower horizons was rich in aliphatic carbon, which supported the findings obtained by electrochemical approaches. Electrochemical approaches combined with spectroscopic methods were applied to evaluate the characteristics of DOM extracted along a forest soil profile. The electrochemical properties of DOM, which can be rapidly and simply obtained, provide insight into the migration and transformation of DOM along a soil profile and will aid in better understanding of the biogeochemical role of DOM in natural environments.     

基于阳离子树脂的Fenton非均相催化剂制备及性能测试

采用阳离子交换树脂颗粒为催化剂载体采用浸渍法负载二价铁离子,制备出非均相Fenton反应催化剂,并用该非均相Fenton催化剂氧化脱色亚甲基蓝溶液,考察其催化性能。实验结果表明:制备催化剂时最佳FeSO4浓度为16.67 mmol/L,pH=3.0,H2O2初始浓度为46.6 mmol/L,反应时间为30 min的条件下,亚甲基蓝溶液初始浓度为0.028 mmol/L时,亚甲基蓝溶液在非均相Fenton催化氧化过程中,其脱色率可达92.9%。采用序批形式反应使用5次后,该非均相催化剂仍有良好的催化效果,反应30 min后亚甲基蓝溶液脱色率仍可达85.2%,拓宽了Fenton技术的使用范围。     

γ-Fe_2O_3/膨胀石墨复合材料吸附废水中六价铬的应用研究

介绍了采用溶胶凝胶法合成新型的复合材料-磁性的γ-Fe_2O_3膨胀石墨(MEG)复合材料。通过采用X-射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)以及X-光电子能谱仪(XPS)对该复合材料MEG进行了表征,结果表明MEG中γ一Fe_2O_3的粒径约为50nm,而且其中γ一Fe_2O_3和膨胀石墨通过C=O相互作用。复合材料MEG作为新型的六价铬吸附剂,通过吸附时间、初始溶液的pH值以及再生性对该吸附过程进行了考察。结果表明:在40 min内MEG吸附六价铬的过程基本达到平衡;在初始溶液的pH为3.5时,MEG对六价铬的最大吸附量可以达到16.4mg/g;而且该复合材料MEG重复使用3次后吸附效果基本没有下降。因此,复合材料MEG对于废水中六价铬的处理有选择性吸附作用,而且初始溶液的pH值对其吸附过程起着重要作用。