重庆酸雨研究进展

对近年来重庆酸雨的研究成果进行了总结。20世纪80年代初至2005年,重庆酸雨逐渐减轻,但其后又逐渐加重;重庆酸雨具季节性。其成因包括：（1）能源结构;（2）地形条件和气象因素;（3）汽车尾气,但对这些原因缺乏科学定量研究。基于以上,指出已有研究所呈现出的不足,并对重庆酸雨进一步研究进行展望：（1）与GIS等技术相结合;（2）量化酸雨成因;（3）对解决酸雨问题已有的各项措施进行优化。     

长江口邻近海域沉积物中厌氧氨氧化细菌分布特征研究

海洋生态系统氮素循环对维持海洋生态收支平衡具有重要意义,由厌氧氨氧化细菌(anaerobic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria,ANAMMOX Bacteria)推动的厌氧氨氧化过程是海洋氮素移除的重要途径.本研究采用荧光定量PCR(q PCR)技术,并结合环境理化因子,分析了2011年夏季长江口邻近海域沉积物中厌氧氨氧化细菌的种群丰度分布特征.结果表明,厌氧氨氧化细菌的种群丰度在长江口邻近海域的空间分布与环境因子密切相关,总有机碳含量、盐度、铵盐浓度对长江口邻近海域沉积物中厌氧氨氧化细菌的种群丰度具有重要调控作用.厌氧氨氧化细菌的丰度分布与总有机碳含量呈显著正相关关系(P0.01,r=0.69),同时又随亚硝酸盐浓度、溶解氧浓度的升高而降低,而盐度对厌氧氨氧化细菌丰度分布的影响较为复杂.     

岩溶地下河系统中有机氯的分布特征与来源分析

选取重庆老龙洞、青木关岩溶地下河为研究对象,采用气相色谱仪-微池电子捕获检测器(GC-μECD)分析两条地下河水体中21种有机氯农药(OCPs)的浓度.结果表明,南山地下河中六六六(HCHs)和艾氏剂类化合物(ALDs)是主要检出物,青木关地下河中HCHs和甲氧滴滴涕是主要检出物.南山、青木关地下河中均未检出o,p'-DDE、p,p'-DDE、o,p'-DDD,同时,青木关地下河还未检出o,p'-DDT、狄氏剂,其余OCPs在两条地下河中检出率高达100%.青木关地下河中OCPs浓度范围为145~278 ng·L-1之间,平均值为213 ng·L-1;南山老龙洞地下河中OCPs浓度介于17.7~40.8 ng·L-1之间,平均值为32.7ng·L-1.两条地下河中各OCPs组分表现为地下河出口大于入口.通过对OCPs污染来源分析,发现两地下河流域滴滴涕(DDTs)主要来自于历史上工业DDTs输入,氯丹主要来自于大气沉降.六六六(HCHs)主要来源是林丹的输入,南山地下河属于历史污染,青木关地下河上游的甘家槽有新的HCHs输入.与国内外其他各水体相比,南山地下河水体中HCHs、DDTs浓度处于低水平;青木关下河处于中等偏高水平.结合中外用水卫生标准,发现南山地下河和青木关地下河未超过饮水安全标准.青木关应禁止农田施用有机氯农药,保护地下河生态环境.     

海岸带表层沉积物中磷的地球化学特征

通过连续提取法对莱州湾主要入海河流及近岸海域表层沉积物中5种形态磷进行了定量分析.结果表明,近海沉积物自生钙结合磷含量(45.6%)高于河流(37.3%),而铁结合磷(Fe-P)含量(18.2%)却低于河流(31.3%).在近海,可交换或弱结合磷含量和粉砂比例呈正相关,表明该形态磷主要吸附于细粒粉砂.河流沉积物Fe-P与Fe浓度呈显著正相关(P0.01),表明河流沉积物Fe-P分布受沉积物活性铁含量的控制.河口处Fe-P普遍低于相应河流,这可能与海相泥沙输入及河口厌氧区硫酸盐还原或硫化物累积有关.近海沉积物总可提取态磷平均浓度总体呈现出由海洋向河口方向递减的趋势.     

Fouling distribution in forward osmosis membrane process

Fouling behavior along the length of membrane module was systematically investigated by performing simple modeling and lab-scale experiments of forward osmosis （FO） membrane process. The flux distribution model developed in this study showed a good agreement with experimental results, validating the robustness of the model. This model demonstrated, as expected, that the permeate flux decreased along the membrane channel due to decreasing osmotic pressure differential across the FO membrane. A series of fouling experiments were conducted under the draw and feed solutions at various recoveries simulated by the model. The simulated fouling experiments revealed that higher organic （alginate） fouling and thus more flux decline were observed at the last section of a membrane channel, as foulants in feed solution became more concentrated. Furthermore, the water flux in FO process declined more severely as the recovery increased due to more foulants transported to membrane surface with elevated solute concentrations at higher recovery, which created favorable solution environments for organic adsorption. The fouling reversibility also decreased at the last section of the membrane channel, suggesting that fouling distribution on FO membrane along the module should be carefully examined to improve overall cleaning efficiency. Lastly, it was found that such fouling distribution observed with co-current flow operation became less pronounced in counter- current flow operation of FO membrane process.     

Quantitative method to determine the regional drinking water odorant regulation goals based on odor sensitivity distribution：Illustrated using 2-MIB

Taste and odor （T/O） in drinking water often cause consumer complaints and are thus regulated in many countries. However, people in different regions may exhibit different sensitivities toward WO. This study proposed a method to determine the regional drinking water odorant regulation goals （ORGs） based on the odor sensitivity distribution of the local population. The distribution of odor sensitivity to 2-methylisobomeol （2-MIB） by the local population in Beijing, China was revealed by using a normal distribution function/model to describe the odor complaint response to a 2-MIB episode in 2005, and a 2-MIB concentration of 12.9 ng/L and FPA （flavor profile analysis） intensity of 2.5 was found to be the critical point to cause odor complaints. Thus the Beijing ORG for 2-MIB was determined to be 12.9 ng/L. Based on the assumption that the local FPA panel can represent the local population in terms of sensitivity to odor, and that the critical FPA intensity causing odor complaints was 2.5, this study tried to determine the ORGs for seven other cities of China by performing FPA tests using an FPA panel from the corresponding city. ORG values between 12.9 and 31.6 ng/L were determined, showing that a unified ORG may not be suitable for drinking water odor regulations. This study presents a novel approach for setting drinking water odor regulations.     

Community structure and elevational diversity patterns of soil Acidobacteria

Acidobacteria is one of the most dominant and abundant phyla in soil,and was believed to have a wide range of metabolic and genetic functions. Relatively little is known about its community structure and elevational diversity patterns. We selected four elevation gradients from 1000 to 2800 m with typical vegetation types of the northern slope of Shennongjia Mountain in central China. The vegetation types were evergreen broadleaved forest,deciduous broadleaved forest,coniferous forest and sub-alpine shrubs. We analyzed the soil acidobacterial community composition,elevational patterns and the relationship between Acidobacteria subdivisions and soil enzyme activities by using the 16 S rRNA meta-sequencing technique and multivariate statistical analysis. The result found that 19 known subdivisions as well as an unclassified phylotype were presented in these forest sites,and Subdivision 6 has the highest number of detectable operational taxonomic units(OTUs). A significant single peak distribution pattern(P 0.05) between the OTU number and the elevation was observed. The Jaccard and Bray–Curtis index analysis showed that the soil Acidobacteria compositional similarity significantly decreased(P 0.01) with the increase in elevation distance. Mantel test analysis showed the most of the soil Acidobacteria subdivisions had the significant relationship(P 0.01) with different soil enzymes. Therefore,soil Acidobacteria may be involved in different ecosystem functions in global elemental cycles. Partial Mantel tests and CCA analysis showed that soil pH,soil temperature and plant diversity may be the key factors in shaping the soil Acidobacterial community structure.     

山东省自然保护区建设状况调查

调查了山东省自然保护区建设状况,分析了山东省自然保护区数量与面积、类型结构和区域分布特征。结果表明:截止2010年底,山东省自然保护区数量为73个,面积99.9万hm2,占全省国土面积的6.34%。省级自然保护区的数量和面积分别占全省自然保护区数量和面积的49.3%和55.0%。71.2%的自然保护区面积在10 000 hm2以下,30.1%的自然保护区的核心区、缓冲区与实验区的面积占自然保护区面积的比例在27%~42%之间变化。自然保护区类型比较齐全,森林生态类自然保护区的数量和面积分别占山东省自然保护区数量和面积的56.2%和31.1%。自然保护区区域分布不均,68.5%的自然保护区分布在鲁东丘陵区和鲁中南山地丘陵区。     

钴胁迫下红苋菜中钴积累分布及其生理特性的研究

采用模拟钴污染土壤的方法,研究不同程度的钴(0、20、40、60 mg/kg)胁迫对成熟期红苋菜生长及其体内钴积累分布和生理特性的影响。结果表明:(1)同一钴胁迫下,红苋菜株高差异性大,株高差值(最高与最矮的差值)范围为14~27 cm,远大于对照组的4 cm;(2)在不同程度的钴胁迫下,植株各部位钴含量分布规律不一致,且根部钴含量最高。当胁迫浓度为60 mg/kg,植株长势最差组的根、茎、叶部钴含量最高,分别为对照组的41、44和14倍,此时地上部和单株的钴积累量均最大,分别为1 103和1 275μg,且两者的积累量与MDA含量成极显著正相关;(3)钴胁迫使得叶片叶绿素含量、CAT和POD酶活性均出现不同程度的降低,SOD酶活性仅在低浓度的钴胁迫下上升,而MDA含量则上升;(4)钴胁迫下植株对钴的转运系数为0.20~0.64,地上富集系数为1.96~10.06,同一胁迫下,长势最差组的转运系数和地上富集系数最大。     

蜂窝状整体式分子筛催化剂制备研究进展

分子筛催化剂已经广泛应用于化学工业、石油工业及环境污染处理等领域,其蜂窝状构型在选择性还原NOx方面具有广阔的应用前景。文章介绍了蜂窝状整体式分子筛催化剂制备的2种方式:固载化和自成型。对固载化法进行分类介绍,对不同固载方法制备的整体式催化剂的分子筛负载量进行对比,综述了载体种类、预处理方法和粘合剂的选择对固载化法制备整体式催化剂的影响,说明了固载化催化剂在应用上的优势及不足;阐述了自成型法制备蜂窝状整体式分子筛催化剂的优势,详细叙述了粘合剂的选择和用量、水含量、分子筛粒径分布、挤出成型过程和干燥过程对自成型蜂窝状整体式分子筛催化剂的物理化学性质和催化性能的影响,为整体式蜂窝状分子筛催化剂的开发提供了借鉴。