超滤处理洗涤污水循环利用的中试研究

采用不同材质国产超滤膜聚丙烯（PP）、聚丙烯腈（PAN）和聚砜（PS）,进行了洗涤污水处理循环利用的现场中试研究.结合超滤工艺出水水质和膜污染分析,3种膜材质中PAN膜较优,有效去除了水中浊度、悬浮物、油脂等污染物,一定程度保留了游离阴离子表面活性剂（LAS）,长期循环洗涤对衣物的白度无不良影响.根据相关性分析,超滤出水较高COD值很大程度上是由水中LAS引起的.超滤膜对细菌、大肠菌群的去除率较低,出水通过紫外消毒,当紫外线密度≥3?750 J/m²时,微生物水平能够达到国家饮用水水质标准.根据不同水力反冲洗条件下膜渗透通量和净产水量比较,PAN膜最佳水力反冲洗条件为0.5 h反冲洗2 min.长期运行时超滤膜化学清洗方法采用碱洗法方便有效.     

冰雪灾害危机事件演化及衍生链特征分析

运用复杂网络的相关理论知识,在冰雪灾害危机事件演化机理研究的基础上对冰雪灾害危机事件演化构成和衍生链特征进行了分析.以2008年冰雪灾害危机事件演化为例将冰雪灾害危机事件演化划分为4种类型,构建了冰雪灾害危机事件演化的网络结构.在此基础上总结了冰雪灾害危机事件衍生链的特征,并对冰雪灾害危机事件演化特征进行了分析,为控制冰雪灾害危机事件的演化提供了理论依据.     

两起有机热载体炉喷油火灾事故的分析

有机热载体炉是一种以煤、油、气体、电等为燃料,以导热油为循环介质供热的特种设备。近年来,有机热载体炉已越来越多地应用于石油化工、纺织印染、轻工、建材等工业领域。由于设计、制造、使用操作中的问题,以及管理水平较低,有机热载体炉曾发生一些危及安全的事故。以下简要介绍两起由于操作不当造成的有机热载体炉喷油火灾事故。     

二氧化碳变碳有望成真

英国《新科学》杂志日前载文介绍了德国化学家的最新发现,科研人员通过使用一种新型催化剂,以实现从二氧化碳中分离碳的目的,也就是模仿植物光合作用的过程,实现碳的循环利用.     

Nitrogen cycling of atmosphere-plant-soil system in the typical Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland in the Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China

The nitrogen (N) distribution and cycling of atmosphere-plant-soil system in the typical meadow Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland (TMCW) and marsh meadow Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland (MMCW) in the Sanjiang plain were studied by a compartment model. The results showed that the N wet deposition amount was 0.757 gN/(m2·a), and total inorganic N (TIN) was the main body (0.640 gN/(m2·a)). The ammonia volatilization amounts of TMCW and MMCW soils in growing season were 0.635 and 0.687 gN/m2, and the denitrification gaseous lost amounts were 0.617 and 0.405 gN/m2, respectively. In plant subsystem, the N was mainly stored in root and litter. Soil organic N was the main N storage of the two plant-soil systems and the proportions of it were 93.98% and 92.16%, respectively. The calculation results of N turnovers among compartments of TMCW and MMCW showed that the uptake amounts of root were 23.02 and 28.18 gN/(m2·a) and the values of aboveground were 11.31 and 6.08 gN/(m2·a), the re-translocation amounts from aboveground to root were 5.96 and 2.70 gN/(m2·a), the translocation amounts from aboveground living body to litter were 5.35 and 3.38 gN/(m2·a), the translocation amounts from litter to soil were larger than 1.55 and 3.01 gN/(m2·a), the translocation amounts from root to soil were 14.90 and 13.17 gN/(m2·a), and the soil (0-15cm) N net mineralization amounts were 1.94 and 0.55 gN/(m2·a), respectively. The study of N balance indicated that the two plant-soil systems might be situated in the status of lacking N, and the status might induce the degradation of C. angustifolia wetland.     

Imazaquin degradation and metabolism in a sandy loam soil amended with farm litters

Irnazaquin applied in legume crops has a long residual time in soil, which often impacts safety of the susceptible crops. To increase safety of imazaquin application, two composted litters, bovine manure （BM） and chicken manure （CM）, were used to determine their effects on imazaquin environmental behavior by incorporating each kind of manure into the tested sandy loam soil at 10% （w/w）. The degradation of imazaquin in BM- and CM-amended soil was about 2.4 and 1.5 times, respectively, faster than that in unamended soil. The half-lives of imazaquin in BM-amended soil varied between 6.7 and 15.4 d over the temperature range of 20 to 40℃, and the degradation rate constant （k） increased by a factor of about 1.5 for every 10℃ change. Higher mix ratio did not significantly increase the degradation, and the optimal active degradation of imazaquin was observed approximately at the mix ratio of 10：1 of soil to BM. The different moisture levels had negligible effect on imazaquin degradation. In both unamended and BM-amended treatments, two metabolites were observed at 5, 10 and 30 d after treatment. One metabolite at retention time （RT） of 8.4 rain was identified as 2-（4- hydroxyl-5-oxo-2-imidazolin-2-yl） quinoline acid, originating from the loss of isopropyl group and hydroxylation at the 4-position of imidazolinone ring. The other at RT of 12.9 rain was identified as quinoline-2,3-dicarboxylic anhydride, resulting from detachment of imidazolinone ring and the forming of dicarboxylic anhydride. This finding suggested that the addition of farm litters into soil might be a good management option since it can not only increase soil fertility but also contribute to increase safety of imazaquin application to the following susceptible crops.     

红壤稻田系统有机物循环再利用潜力及增产作用

10年田间试验结果表明：红墩妥田系统有机养分循环再利用潜力大，水稻收获，年均从稻田系统中输出NPK的总量最大可达到224.7,53.0和271.4kg/hm^2，有机物循环再利用，年均可归N，P，K量最大分别为115.1,35.8和231.5kg/hm^2，占系统输总量的51.2%,67.5%g和85.3%，保持稻田系统内有机物循环再利用可提高系统生产力，在不施化肥的情况下，增产3056kg/hm^2，增施N肥，增产2753kg/hm^2，增施N，P肥，增产1543kg/hm^2；NPK配合，增产984kg/hm^2；有机物循环再利用还可增强稻田系统的稳产性能，降低稻谷产量的年际变异系数；有机物循环再利用对水稻的增产有着明显的残效叠加作用，在施用N，P，K化肥基础上圾机物养分循环再利用水稻增产率在试验期间的前5年为7．2％，后5年平均为9．4％。     

经济发达地区土地利用结构变化预测 --以江苏省江阴市为例

结构决定功能，把握土地利用结构变化的趋势，调整社会经济发展的策略。优化土地利用结构是土地可持续利用的关键。以经济发达地区江苏省江阴市为例，运用马尔柯夫链的理论与方法，构建土地利用结构转移的概率矩阵，预测江阴市2005年和2010年的土地利用结构，并分析其变化特征，以此来研究经济发达地区近期内可能的土地利用结构变化规律。模拟结果表明，经济发达地区土地利用结构变化存在着非农化趋势加快．农地数量减少加速的现象，如果为保证耕地的数量平衡，则可能导致农地内部结构极其不合理。根据研究结果，提出适当释放农地，促进经济发展；运用经济杆杠，提高非农用地利用效率；重视耕地质量，改善生态环境的政策建议。     

氯盐-干湿侵蚀下高延性混凝土力学性能试验及强度衰减模型研究

为了研究干湿循环条件下氯离子对高延性混凝土（HDC）的侵蚀性能,以3种高浓度氯盐溶液（质量分数分别为：5%、10%、20%）为侵蚀介质,分别对3组（每组24块）HDC和普通混凝土试块进行了240 d干湿循环对比试验,分析了氯离子与干湿循环共同作用对两种试块的外观、质量以及抗压强度、受压应力-应变曲线等力学性能的影响。试验结果表明：HDC在破坏时表面呈细裂缝,未出现混凝土脱落的现象,而普通混凝土在受力过程中,碎块脱落情况较为明显,延性很差。随着氯离子浓度的增加,HDC和普通混凝土试块抗压强度的下降程度也随之增大,且两种试块的平均抗压强度最小值均出现在浓度为20%的氯盐溶液中,其中HDC在150 d循环时达到最小值51.70 MPa,普通混凝土试块在120 d循环时达到最小值42.89 MPa,与清水中养护的两组试块相比,抗压强度分别下降了13.94 MPa、17.35 MPa。HDC在氯离子浓度越大的溶液中平均抗压强度下降越明显,但是都普遍优于同条件下的普通混凝土试件,说明HDC比普通混凝土试件的抗氯盐侵蚀能力更强。根据试验结果,对抗压强度数据进行线性回归分析,得到了不同浓度氯盐溶液侵蚀...     

乡镇垃圾分类循环利用现状——以闽侯县上街镇为例

由于我国乡镇经济的迅速发展以及乡镇村民生活水平加速提高,乡镇的垃圾种类及数量趋向于城市.乡镇村民居住较为分散,垃圾分类、收集、循环利用相较于城市困难,因此推进乡镇垃圾分类循环利用迫在眉睫.本文从闽侯县上街镇展开调查,以乡镇垃圾分类、回收循环利用为关键词展开分析,并从上街镇垃圾分类循环利用模式存在的问题进行分析、总结和建...