冬季衡水湖沉积物微生物群落结构特征及影响因素

湖泊沉积物中的微生物对有机物和营养盐的转化起着重要作用,其群落结构也会受环境因子的影响。为探究冬季衡水湖沉积物中微生物群落结构差异及影响因素,基于16S rRNA基因高通量测序,分析衡水湖不同湖区表层沉积物中微生物群落结构组成、多样性及与环境因子之间的响应关系。结果表明：不同湖区沉积物中微生物群落多样性表现为湖北区>湖心区>湖南区,湖北区与湖心区沉积物的微生物群落结构存在极显著差异（P<0.01）。在门水平上,湖心区沉积物中绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）的相对丰度显著高于其他湖区,这与湖心区有机污染严重有关;在属水平上,湖北区沉积物中P9X2b3D02相对丰度显著高于其他湖区,说明该菌属更适宜在水生植物丰富的环境下生长繁衍。有机碳（TOC）浓度是衡水湖水体沉积物微生物群落结构的关键影响因素,TOC浓度与微生物菌属相对丰度的高相关性与沉积物有机污染严重有关。     

长期施肥对双季稻田根际土壤氮素的影响

土壤有机氮含量是评价土壤质量变化的重要肥力指标,土壤氮矿化及其微生物数量易受不同施肥措施的影响。为明确南方双季稻区长期不同施肥模式对根际土壤氮矿化及其微生物数量的影响,以长期（37年）定位施肥试验田为平台,系统分析了不同施肥模式[单独施用化肥(MF)、秸秆还田+化肥(RF)、30%有机肥+70%化肥(OM)和无肥对照(CK)]下双季稻田根际土壤微生物量氮含量、氮素矿化、硝化和氨化速率、氮循环微生物数量的变化特征,及土壤氮转化与理化特性、微生物相关性。结果表明,OM处理根际土壤有机碳、总氮、碱解氮、硝态氮、氨态氮和无机氮含量均显著（P<0.05）高于RF、MF和CK处理。OM处理根际土壤微生物量氮含量最高,比CK处理增加24.1%。OM处理根际土壤有氧氮矿化率、厌氧氮矿化率和氨化速率均为最高,均显著高于MF和CK处理（P<0.05）;MF处理根际土壤硝化速率为最高,显著高于RF、OM和CK处理（P<0.05）。OM处理根际土壤硝化细菌、反硝化细菌和氨化细菌数量均显著高于RF、OM和CK处理（P<0.05）;RF处理根际土壤固氮菌数量显著高于MF、OM和CK处理（P...     

长江口水体化能自养固碳过程的潮周期变化特征及影响因素

河口水体中硝化微生物的化能自养固碳(DCF)对碳氮循环过程有着重要影响,但目前关于河口水体氨氧化微生物对DCF过程的贡献鲜见报道。以长江口为研究区,利用¹⁴C和¹⁵N同位素示踪技术,分别测定了大潮和小潮期间水体DCF和硝化速率,并通过实时荧光定量PCR技术量化了相关功能基因丰度。结果表明,长江口水体大小潮期间,DCF和硝化速率分别介于170.72-1 007.35 nmol·L^-1·d^-1和1.45-70.75 nmol·L^-1·h^-1,呈现大潮速率相对较高,小潮速率低的变化特征,且底层水体DCF和硝化速率显著高于表层水体。水体中铵盐和可溶性无机碳浓度是影响DCF和硝化速率的关键环境因子。定量PCR结果表明,大潮和小潮时cbbL基因丰度分别为0.40×10⁸-3.40×10⁸ copies·L^-1和0.49×10⁸-2.27×10⁸ copies·...     

凤仙花种子包衣载体固定化微生物修复石油烃污染土壤的效应

土壤石油烃污染已成为全球环境问题之一。生物修复技术具有绿色、低碳、低成本的显著优点,发挥植物和微生物的协同作用是提高有机污染土壤修复效率的重要途径。为了提高植物在污染土壤中的存活率以及保持微生物的活性,以观赏园艺植物凤仙花(Impatiens balsamina L.)作为修复植物,结合种子包衣技术和微生物固定化技术,使用包衣材料海藻酸钠10.0g·L^-1膨润土35.0 g·L^-1以及生物炭8.00 g·L^-1,交联剂氯化钙50.0 g·L^-1,采用包埋-交联法先对凤仙花种子包衣处理,然后以凤仙花种子包衣为载体固定化石油烃高效降解菌琼氏不动杆菌(Acinetobacter junii,Hsr2a),通过盆栽试验,研究在总石油烃(Total petroleum hydrocarbons,TPHs)质量分数为10.4 g·kg^-1的条件下,凤仙花种子包衣载体固定化微生物对土壤TPHs去除率的影响。结果表明,经过40 d盆栽修复,包衣处理的凤仙花较裸种凤仙花植物长势更好。通过对比不同...     

Isolation, characterization and phylogenetic analysis of a bacterial strain capable of degrading acetamiprid

An aerobic bacterium, capable of degrading the new chloronicotine pesticide acetamiprid, was isolated from the sludge of pesticide factory after successive enrichment cultures and named strain FH2 which is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped, obligate aerobic org     

Field released transgenic papaya effect on soil microbial communities and enzyme activities

Soil properties, microbial communities and enzyme activities were studied in soil amended with replicase （RP）-transgenic or non-transgenic papaya under field conditions. Compared with non-transgenic papaya, significant differences （P〈0.05） were observed in total nitrogen in soils grown with transgenic papaya. There were also significant differences （P〈0.05） in the total number of colony forming units （CFUs） of bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi between soils amended with RP-transgenic plants and non-transgenic plants. Compared with non-transgenic papaya, the total CFUs of bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi in soil with transgenic papaya increased by 0.43-1.1, 0.21-0.80 and 0.46-0.73 times respectively. Significantly higher （P〈0.05） CFUs of bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi resistant to kanamycin （Km） were obtained in soils with RP-transgenic papaya than those with non-transgenic papaya in all concentrations of Km. Higher resistance quotients for Km＇ （kanamycin resistant） bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi were found in soil planted with RP-transgenic papaya, and the resistance quotients for Km＇ bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi in soils with transgenic papaya increased 1.6-4.46, 0.63-2.5 and 0.75-2.30 times. RP-transgenic papaya and non-transgenic papaya produced significantly different enzyme activities in arylsulfatase （5.4-5.9x）, polyphenol oxidase （0.7-1.4x）, invertase （0.5-0.79x）, cellulase （0.23-0.35x） and phosphodiesterase （0.16-0.2x）. The former three soil enzymes appeared to be more sensitive to the transgenic papaya than the others, and could be useful parameters in assessing the effects of transgenic papaya. Transgenic papaya could alter soil chemical properties, enzyme activities and microbial communities.     

Ecological effects of crude oil residues on the functional diversity of soil microorganisms in three weed rhizospheres

Ecological effects of crude oil residues on weed rhizospheres are still vague. The quantitative and diversity changes and metabolic responses of soil-bacterial communities in common dandelion （Taraxacum officinale）, jerusalem artichoke （Silphiurn perfoliatum L.） and evening primrose （A colypha australis L.） rhizospheric soils were thus examined using the method of carbon source utilization. The results indicated that there were various toxic effects of crude oil residues on the growth and reproduction of soil bacteria, but the weed rhizospheres could mitigate the toxic effects. Total heterotrophic counting colony-forming units （CFUs） in the rhizospheric soils were significantly higher than those in the non-rhizospheric soils. The culturable soil-bacterial CFUs in the jerusalem artichoke （S. perfoliatum） rhizosphere polluted with 0.50 kg/pot of crude oil residues were almost twice as much as those with 0.25 kg/pot and without the addition of crude oil residues. The addition of crude oil residues increased the difference in substrate evenness, substrate richness, and substrate diversity between non-rhizospheric and rhizospheric soils of T. officinale and A. australis, but there was no significant （p〉0.05） difference in the Shannon＇s diversity index between non-rhizospheric and rhizospheric soils of S. perfoliatum. The rhizospheric response of weed species to crude oil residues suggested that S. perfoliatum may be a potential weed species for the effective plant-microorganism bioremediation of contaminated soils by crude oil residues.     

Process of rice straw degradation and dynamic trend of pH by the microbial community MC1

The process of the rice straw degradation in the fermentor with aeration at 290 ml/h was studied. The results of dissolved oxygen （DO） indicated that the optimum DO during cellulose degradation by microbial community MC1 ranged from 0.01 to 0.12 mg/L. The change model ofpH values was as follows： irrespective of the initial pH of the medium, pH values decreased rapidly to approximate 6.0 after being inoculated within 48 h when cellulose was strongly degraded, and then increased slowly to 8.0--9.0 until cellulose was degraded completely. During the degradation process, 15 kinds of organic compounds were checked out by GC-MS. Most of them were organic acids. Quantity analysis was carried out, and the maximum content compound was ethyl acetate which reached 13.56 g/L on the day 4. The cellulose degradation quantity and ratio analyses showed that less quantity （under batch fermentation conditions） and longer interval （under semi-fermentation conditions） of rice straw added to fermentation system were contributed to matching the change model of pH, and increasing the quantity and ratio of rice straw degradation during cellulose degrading process. The highest degradation ratio was observed under the condition office straw added one time every five days （under semi-fermentation conditions）.     

我国近岸海域微生物源示踪监测技术的研发

通过对我国近岸海域陆源性非点源污染污染贡献率及其危害性剧增现状的分析,强调了在我国开展污染源示踪检测技术研发的必要性。在总结了国外治理非点源污染的经验———微生物源示踪技术研究和应用现状的基础上,介绍了我国近岸海域微生物源示踪检测技术研发的设计思想。从而阐明,传统的环境监测指标和方法已不能满足发展的需要,集监测、溯源和示踪为一体,适应于我国国情的近岸海域非点源污染源监测技术的研发势在必行。     

含磷酸盐对聚乙烯粉尘爆燃的抑制影响实验研究

为了揭示含磷酸盐(KH₂PO₄,NH₄H₂PO₄,Ca(H₂PO₄)₂)对聚乙烯粉尘爆炸的抑制作用,通过哈特曼管实验装置和20 L球形爆炸罐,研究含磷酸盐对聚乙烯粉尘爆炸火焰和压力传播特性的抑制效果。采用高速摄影方法记录含磷酸盐对聚乙烯粉尘爆炸火焰传播的影响;采用20 L球形爆炸罐,收集压力传感器数据,分析含磷酸盐对聚乙烯粉尘爆炸压力的影响;采用同步热分析仪研究聚乙烯粉尘和含磷酸盐的热解行为。研究结果表明：含磷酸盐对聚乙烯粉尘爆炸火焰传播特性参数和爆炸压力特性参数均有显著的影响,通过对比得到NH₄H₂PO₄抑制效果相对最好。研究结果可为含磷酸盐在抑爆剂工程应用提供理论基础。