Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal phylogenetic groups differ in affecting host plants along heavy metal levels

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi（AMF） are important components of soil microbial communities,and play important role in plant growth. However, the effects of AMF phylogenetic groups（Glomeraceae and non-Glomeraceae） on host plant under various heavy metal levels are not clear. Here we conducted a meta-analysis to compare symbiotic relationship between AMF phylogenetic groups（Glomeraceae and non-Glomeraceae） and host plant functional groups（herbs vs. trees, and non-legumes vs. legumes） at three heavy metal levels. In the meta-analysis, we calculate the effect size（ln（RR）） by taking the natural logarithm of the response ratio of inoculated to non-inoculated shoot biomass from each study. We found that the effect size of Glomeraceae increased, but the effect size of non-Glomeraceae decreased under high level of heavy metal compared to low level. According to the effect size, both Glomeraceae and non-Glomeraceae promoted host plant growth, but had different effects under various heavy metal levels. Glomeraceae provided more benefit to host plants than non-Glomeraceae did under heavy metal condition, while non-Glomeraceae provided more benefit to host plants than Glomeraceae did under no heavy metal. AMF phylogenetic groups also differed in promoting plant functional groups under various heavy metal levels.Interacting with Glomeraceae, herbs and legumes grew better than trees and non-legumes did under high heavy metal level, while trees and legumes grew better than herbs and non-legumes did under medium heavy metal level. Interacting with non-Glomeraceae, herbs and legumes grew better than trees and non-legumes did under no heavy metal. We suggested that the combination of legume with Glomeraceae could be a useful way in the remediation of heavy metal polluted environment.     

Effect of a high strength chemical industry wastewater on microbial community dynamics and mesophilic methane generation

A high strength chemical industry wastewater was assessed for its impact on anaerobic microbial com- munity dynamics and consequently mesophilic methane generation. Cumulative methane production was 251 mL/g total chemical oxygen demand removed at standard temperature and pressure at the end of 30 days experimental period with a highest recorded methane percentage of 80.6% of total biogas volume. Volatile fatty acids （VFAs） analysis revealed that acetic acid was the major intermediate VFAs produced with propionic acid accumulating over the experimental period. Quantitative analysis of microbial communities in the test and control groups with quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction highlighted that in the test group, Eubacteria （96.3%） was dominant in comparison with methanogens （3.7%）. The latter were dominated by Methanomicrobiales and Methanobacteriales while in test groups increased over the experimental period, reaching a maximum on day 30. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis profile was performed, targeting the 16S rRNA gene of Eubacteria and Archaea, with the DNA samples extracted at 3 different time points from the test groups. A phylogenetic tree was constructed for the sequences using the neighborhood joining method. The analysis revealed that the presence of organisms resembling Syntrophomonadaceae could have contributed to increased production of acetic and propionic acid intermediates while decrease of organisms resembling Pelotomaculum sp. could have most likely contributed to accumulation of propionic acid. This study suggested that the degradation of organic components within the high strength industrial wastewater is closely linked with the activity of certain niche microbial communities within eubacteria and methanogens.     

Nitrogen mass balance in a constructed wetland treating piggery wastewater effluent

The nitrogen changes and the nitrogen mass balance in a free water surface flow constructed wetland （CW） using the four-year monitoring data from 2008 to 2012 were estimated. The CW was composed of six cells in series that include the first settling basin （Cell 1）, aeration pond （Cell 2）, deep marsh （Cell 3）, shallow marsh （Cell 4）, deep marsh （Cell 5） and final settling basin （Cell 6）. Analysis revealed that the NH4＋-N concentration decreased because of ammonification which was then followed by nitrification. The NO4＋-N and NO4＋-N were also further reduced by means of microbial activities and plant uptake during photosynthesis. The average nitrogen concentration at the influent was 37,819 kg/year and approximately 45% of that amount exited the CW in the effluent. The denitrification amounted to 34% of the net nitrogen input, whereas the accretion of sediment was only 7%. The biomass uptake of plants was able to retain only 1% of total nitrogen load. In order to improve the nutrient removal by plant uptake, plant coverage in four cells （i.e., Cells 1, 3, 4 and 5） could be increased.     

高絮凝活性酿酒酵母菌株筛选及其培养条件研究

从实验室保藏菌种中筛选到1株具有高絮凝活性的酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)菌株,利用其发酵液进行絮凝实验,结果表明:该絮凝剂对4 g/L、pH为7的高岭土悬浊液有很好的絮凝效果;该菌株产絮凝剂的最佳培养条件:碳源为葡萄糖,氮源为蛋白胨,培养温度为30℃,初始pH值为5.5,液体震荡培养96 h后絮凝率最高可达92.6%。     

剩余污泥微生物燃料电池产电性能的优化试验研究

通过优化阴极材料,构建新型单室无膜壁式空气阴极微生物燃料电池,开展了污泥浓度、阳极面积、导线材料和NaCl离子浓度等影响因素及其优化试验研究。结果显示:在恒温30℃和外接电阻1 000Ω的条件下,以铜线为导线,污泥浓度为21 000 mg/L,阳极面积为31.4 cm2,Na+浓度为200 mmol/L时,其产电性能最佳,最大电压为597 mV,最大输出功率密度为301 mW/m2,内阻为92.5Ω。此外,还分析了污泥运行过程中的变化。与目前其他以未经过预处理的剩余污泥作为底物的微生物燃料电池相比,该新型单室无膜壁式空气阴极微生物燃料电池功率密度较高,内阻较低。     

微生物与铀的相互作用及其应用前景

放射性核素铀可能会对周围环境造成长期污染,因此,放射性废物中铀的处理受到了普遍关注。近年来,越来越多的证据表明,放射性核素污染微生物处理法与无机材料处理法同等重要。微生物与铀的相互作用机制主要包括以下几个方面:生物吸附,细胞内的聚积、沉淀和氧化还原转换。目前正在开展的研究旨在阐明从放射性物质贮存相关的各种极端环境中分离获得的菌株与铀之间相互作用的关键过程。对这些能与铀相互作用的细菌有了基本的了解,将有助于放射性废物处理、修复技术的发展及其在环境放射性污染防治中的推广应用。     

应用新型好氧堆肥反应器连续投加处理人粪便的研究

针对间歇式堆肥反应器处理效率低、不便移动、单次投加所需物料量大等不足,以及为更有效地处理分散型人粪便,使人粪便资源化,开发了梨形筒式好氧堆肥反应器。在获得该反应器的最佳通风与搅拌频率分别为3.0 L/min,5 min/h以及最佳m（粪便）︰m（锯末）为1︰2.5的条件下进行连续投加人粪便好氧堆肥。在不接种微生物的30 d堆制过程中,升-降温周期为36 h,平均温度为51.44℃,第15天时COD降解率达到63.99%并趋于稳定,TN损失率第17天时达到56.68%,GI于第21天时达到106.25%,堆肥完全腐熟,稳定期处理效率为23.81 g/（L·d）。接种土著菌种时,升-降温周期缩短至24 h,平均温度为53.96℃,COD降解率8 d可达65.28%,TN 损失率仅为25.75%,GI于第8天达到108.22%,稳定期处理效率可达35.71 g/（L·d）,比不接种时提高1.5倍,同时节约能耗50%。     

专利资讯

专利名称：从废锂电池中回收硫酸锂和氢氧化钴的方法 到目前全国手机用户已经超过2亿,其中使用锂电池的手机约占三分之二,如果按每个锂电池重为50g,按每部手机每年更换一次电池,每年就会产生666．7t／a电池垃圾,再加上其他电器的使用,全国所产生的废锂电池垃圾超过1000t／a,这些电池垃圾中含有碱、钴酸锂等物质。     

未来10大高风险高回报的新技术

世界经济论坛全球事务理事会发布了一份关于信息技术的新报告,其中提到了10项有可能对全社会造成重大影响的新技术。这10项新技术涵盖了科学、医学、能源、制造、交通和电子等众多领域,理事会的报告简要说明了那些新技术将如何影响和改变我们的生活。     

汽车的未来新能源——氢

正丰田汽车最近宣布将推出首款商用氢燃料电池汽车,新车将于明年上市销售。不仅仅是丰田,现在主流的汽车厂商几乎都有一个氢燃料汽车计划:2015年开始,现代计划在美国出租1 000辆氢燃料汽车;雷诺和日产宣布,与戴姆勒、福特共同分担研发成本的氢燃料汽车最快将在2017年推出;通用与本田2013年宣布将组建一家合资公司,在2020年量产氢燃料汽车。