提高柴油/甲醇组合燃烧尾气排放质量的研究

对原机、柴油/甲醇组合燃烧,以及带氧化催化转化器的柴油/甲醇组合燃烧3种情况下的尾气排放进行了比较和研究.针对柴油/甲醇组合燃烧可以使NOx、烟度大幅度下降,但同时PM、CO和HC的排放浓度与原机相比反而增加的现状,通过加装氧化催化转化器,对废气进行处理后,发现HC、CO和PM排放明显减少.与原机相比,不仅可以实现大幅度降低NOx,而且PM排放也有较大幅度下降.采用透射电子显微镜观察发现,与原机相比,柴油/甲醇组合燃烧的PM排放中干炭烟(DS)减少,但是可溶有机物(SOF)增加.经过氧化催化转化器处理后,尾气的PM中大量SOF和HC化合物被消除,致使PM的质量明显减少.     

燃油催化微粒捕集器在柴油机排气后处理中的应用研究

分析探讨了柴油机排气颗粒物的组成及危害,介绍了一种燃油催化微粒捕集器的结构及原理,结合发动机台架试验数据分析了该微粒捕集器对柴油机排气颗粒物的改善效果,同时研究了该微粒捕集器的强制再生过程以及对柴油机动力性和燃油经济性的影响.试验结果表明,该微粒捕集器具有较大的应用前景.     

柴油车排气后处理装置PDPF的试验研究

介绍了一种用于柴油车排气后处理的PDPF的结构和工作原理。通过对比试验考察了PDPF的性能,包括ETC试验、全负荷烟度试验、自由加速烟度试验以及总功率检测。带PDPF与不带PDPF相比,PDPF对ETC排气中PM的降低效率达57.5%;对全负荷的滤纸式烟度和不透光烟度影响不大;使自由加速烟度有所下降;对发动机的动力性和经济性几乎没有影响。可靠性试验研究显示出PDPF的良好应用前景。     

氯代十六烷基吡啶缔合微粒光度法测定二氧化氯

在pH3.49的NaAC-HCl介质中,ClO2与过量的KI反应生成I3-,I3-在350nm处有一吸收峰;当阳离子表面活性剂(CS)氯代十六烷基吡啶(CPCM)等存在时,形成淡黄色的较稳定的缔合微粒(CPCM-I3)n,在354nm处产生一个吸收峰,在470nm和520nm处产生2个共振散射峰。ClO2浓度C在0.0149～1.524mg/L范围内符合朗伯比耳定律,回归方程为△A=0.1136C+0.0001,相关系数R为0.9988,检测限为0.007mg/L。据此,建立了一种痕量ClO2光度分析新方法,用于样品分析,结果令人满意。     

生物柴油排放微粒特性的试验研究

在1台直喷式增压柴油机上进行了生物柴油和柴油的排放微粒特性试验.用80 L/min定量泵和装有直径90　mm的玻纤滤膜采样器在排气管内采集微粒,利用激光粒度仪和色谱-质谱联用仪,分析了微粒的粒径分布和微粒中的可溶性有机物以及16种多环芳烃.结果表明,生物柴油排放微粒的体积粒径呈单峰分布,其平均直径d₃₂.和中位直径d(0.5)都随转速的增加而减少.高转速时生物柴油排放微粒的d₃₂和d(0.5)均高于柴油,而低转速时均低于柴油.生物柴油的SOF排放质量浓度为12.3～31.5 mg/m³,占微粒质量的38.2％～58.0％,均明显高于柴油.生物柴油排放微粒中的总多环芳烃排放浓度为2.9～4.7 μg/m³,与柴油相比下降29.1％～92.4%.     

柴油机微粒捕集器复合再生性能及其场协同分析

基于柴油机微粒捕集器瞬态复合再生机理,建立了CFD三维仿真模型,并利用漩涡破碎燃烧模型和场协同数学模型对柴油机微粒捕集器瞬态复合再生过程的速度矢量和温度梯度进行了数值模拟和场协同分析,结果表明,再生时间为175 s时的微粒捕集器过滤体后端壁面峰值温度达到1 184 K,且其过滤体内速度矢量和温度梯度的协同度最好,最优燃烧再生区域所占最大比值为0.58,表明此时微粒捕集器过滤体内再生燃烧速率最大,其再生效率最高。     

PPS滤布对柴油机排放PM的过滤效率

基于柴油机实验台架和颗粒捕集装置,采用聚苯硫醚(PPS)针刺毡滤布过滤柴油机排放的颗粒物(PM)。利用称重法,以Whatman玻璃纤维滤纸为对比滤纸,间接测试了3种PPS滤布的过滤效率;同时实验探索了表面涂覆聚四氟乙烯的PPS滤布的深床过滤时间。实验结果表明,3种滤布在180℃的加热条件下将出现颜色和形态的变化;3种滤布在深床过滤期对PM的平均过滤效率分别为78.8%、76.9%和83.7%;表面涂覆聚四氟乙烯的PPS滤布的深床过滤时间为15~20 min,此后其过滤效率可接近100%。     

柴油机尾气中微粒粒径分布特征的实验研究

柴油机尾气中的微粒粒径大小分布范围广泛,不同直径的微粒所占的比例以及对环境和人身健康造成的危害各不相同,因此对微粒粒径特征进行研究更具有实际意义。本研究分别采用滤膜称重法和光散射法对厦工XG951Ⅲ装载机配置的国Ⅲ柴油发动机怠速工况下的尾气进行测试,研究了微粒的质量浓度分布、数量浓度分布以及质量浓度与数量浓度分布的关系。研究结果表明,从微粒质量上看,可吸入微粒(PM10)占微粒总量(TSP)的74.0%,可入肺微粒(PM2.5)占可吸入微粒的48.1%;2.5μm以下粒径范围内的微粒质量浓度是2.5~10μm粒径范围内微粒质量浓度的将近3倍,是10~100μm粒径范围内微粒质量浓度的52倍;2.5~10μm粒径范围的微粒质量浓度是10~100μm粒径范围内微粒质量浓度的18倍。数量上,在不同的数量级上,微粒数量浓度随粒径变化差距很明显,尤其是1μm以下的微粒较多。另外,质量浓度的粒径分布滞后于数量浓度。因此PM2.5排放标准中应考虑以个数浓度代替质量浓度为标准。     

Source profiles of particulate organic matters emitted from cereal straw burnings

Cereal straw is one of the most abundant biomass burned in China but its contribution to fine particulates is not adequately understood. In this study, three main kinds of cereal straws were collected from five grain producing areas in China. Fine particulate matters （PMzs） from the cereal straws subjected to control burnings, both under smoldering and flaming status, were sampled by using a custom made dilution chamber and sampling system in the laboratory. Element carbon （EC） and organic carbon （OC） was analyzed. 141 compounds of organic matters were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrum （GC-MS）. Source profiles of particulate organic matters emitted from cereal straw burnings were obtained. The results indicated that organic matters contribute a large fraction in fine particulate matters. Levoglucosan had the highest contributions with averagely 4.5% in mass of fine particulates and can be considered as the tracer of biomass burnings. Methyloxylated phenols from lignin degradation also had high concentrations in PM2.5, and contained approximately equal amounts of guaiacyl and syringyl compounds. 13-Sitostrol also made up relatively a large fraction of PMz5 compared with the other sterols （0.18%-0.63% of the total fine particle mass）. Normal alkanes, PAHs, fatty acids, as well as normal alkanols had relatively lower concentrations compared with the compounds mentioned above. Carbon preference index （CPI） of normal alkanes and alkanoic acids showed characteristics of biogenic fuel burnings. Burning status significantly influenced the formations of EC and PAHs. The differences between the emission profiles of straw and wood combustions were displayed by the fingerprint compounds, which may be used to identify the contributions between wood and straw burnings in source apportionment researches.     

Diurnal variation of number concentration and size distribution of ultrafine particles in the urban atmosphere of Beijing in winter

Number concentration and distribution of airborne particles in the size range 5.6 to 560 um diameter were measured in Beijing for a 15-d period in winter 2005.Daily average number concentrations of nucleation mode(5.6-20 nm),Aitken mode(20-100 nm), and accumulation mode(100-560 nm)particles,and total particles were 17500,32000,4000,and 53500 cm~(-3),respectively.Average particle size distribution was monomodal with a mode diameter of about 40 um at night and bimodal with mode diameters of about 10 and about 40 nm during the daytime.New particle formation events,which were connected to diurnal variation of nucleation mode particles,were observed in more than half of the observation days.The events often started around 10:00-11:00 Chinese Standard Time (CST)and ended up after 3-4 h.Concentrations of Aitken and accumulation mode particles increased from midnight and reached their maxima at about 10:00 CST,and then decreased and became the lowest in the afternoon.Analysis of diurnal cycles in traffic volume and meteorological parameters revealed that the accumulation of the particles in Aitken and accumulation modes in the morning was influenced by formation of an inversion and increase in vehicle emission,and dispersion of such particles in the afternoon was associated with more effective vertical mixing and higher wind speed.