PPS滤布对柴油机排放PM的过滤效率

基于柴油机实验台架和颗粒捕集装置,采用聚苯硫醚(PPS)针刺毡滤布过滤柴油机排放的颗粒物(PM)。利用称重法,以Whatman玻璃纤维滤纸为对比滤纸,间接测试了3种PPS滤布的过滤效率;同时实验探索了表面涂覆聚四氟乙烯的PPS滤布的深床过滤时间。实验结果表明,3种滤布在180℃的加热条件下将出现颜色和形态的变化;3种滤布在深床过滤期对PM的平均过滤效率分别为78.8%、76.9%和83.7%;表面涂覆聚四氟乙烯的PPS滤布的深床过滤时间为15~20 min,此后其过滤效率可接近100%。     

柴油机尾气中微粒粒径分布特征的实验研究

柴油机尾气中的微粒粒径大小分布范围广泛,不同直径的微粒所占的比例以及对环境和人身健康造成的危害各不相同,因此对微粒粒径特征进行研究更具有实际意义。本研究分别采用滤膜称重法和光散射法对厦工XG951Ⅲ装载机配置的国Ⅲ柴油发动机怠速工况下的尾气进行测试,研究了微粒的质量浓度分布、数量浓度分布以及质量浓度与数量浓度分布的关系。研究结果表明,从微粒质量上看,可吸入微粒(PM10)占微粒总量(TSP)的74.0%,可入肺微粒(PM2.5)占可吸入微粒的48.1%;2.5μm以下粒径范围内的微粒质量浓度是2.5~10μm粒径范围内微粒质量浓度的将近3倍,是10~100μm粒径范围内微粒质量浓度的52倍;2.5~10μm粒径范围的微粒质量浓度是10~100μm粒径范围内微粒质量浓度的18倍。数量上,在不同的数量级上,微粒数量浓度随粒径变化差距很明显,尤其是1μm以下的微粒较多。另外,质量浓度的粒径分布滞后于数量浓度。因此PM2.5排放标准中应考虑以个数浓度代替质量浓度为标准。     

生物柴油排放微粒特性的试验研究

在1台直喷式增压柴油机上进行了生物柴油和柴油的排放微粒特性试验.用80 L/min定量泵和装有直径90　mm的玻纤滤膜采样器在排气管内采集微粒,利用激光粒度仪和色谱-质谱联用仪,分析了微粒的粒径分布和微粒中的可溶性有机物以及16种多环芳烃.结果表明,生物柴油排放微粒的体积粒径呈单峰分布,其平均直径d₃₂.和中位直径d(0.5)都随转速的增加而减少.高转速时生物柴油排放微粒的d₃₂和d(0.5)均高于柴油,而低转速时均低于柴油.生物柴油的SOF排放质量浓度为12.3～31.5 mg/m³,占微粒质量的38.2％～58.0％,均明显高于柴油.生物柴油排放微粒中的总多环芳烃排放浓度为2.9～4.7 μg/m³,与柴油相比下降29.1％～92.4%.     

Source profiles of particulate organic matters emitted from cereal straw burnings

Cereal straw is one of the most abundant biomass burned in China but its contribution to fine particulates is not adequately understood. In this study, three main kinds of cereal straws were collected from five grain producing areas in China. Fine particulate matters （PMzs） from the cereal straws subjected to control burnings, both under smoldering and flaming status, were sampled by using a custom made dilution chamber and sampling system in the laboratory. Element carbon （EC） and organic carbon （OC） was analyzed. 141 compounds of organic matters were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrum （GC-MS）. Source profiles of particulate organic matters emitted from cereal straw burnings were obtained. The results indicated that organic matters contribute a large fraction in fine particulate matters. Levoglucosan had the highest contributions with averagely 4.5% in mass of fine particulates and can be considered as the tracer of biomass burnings. Methyloxylated phenols from lignin degradation also had high concentrations in PM2.5, and contained approximately equal amounts of guaiacyl and syringyl compounds. 13-Sitostrol also made up relatively a large fraction of PMz5 compared with the other sterols （0.18%-0.63% of the total fine particle mass）. Normal alkanes, PAHs, fatty acids, as well as normal alkanols had relatively lower concentrations compared with the compounds mentioned above. Carbon preference index （CPI） of normal alkanes and alkanoic acids showed characteristics of biogenic fuel burnings. Burning status significantly influenced the formations of EC and PAHs. The differences between the emission profiles of straw and wood combustions were displayed by the fingerprint compounds, which may be used to identify the contributions between wood and straw burnings in source apportionment researches.     

Diurnal variation of number concentration and size distribution of ultrafine particles in the urban atmosphere of Beijing in winter

Number concentration and distribution of airborne particles in the size range 5.6 to 560 um diameter were measured in Beijing for a 15-d period in winter 2005.Daily average number concentrations of nucleation mode(5.6-20 nm),Aitken mode(20-100 nm), and accumulation mode(100-560 nm)particles,and total particles were 17500,32000,4000,and 53500 cm~(-3),respectively.Average particle size distribution was monomodal with a mode diameter of about 40 um at night and bimodal with mode diameters of about 10 and about 40 nm during the daytime.New particle formation events,which were connected to diurnal variation of nucleation mode particles,were observed in more than half of the observation days.The events often started around 10:00-11:00 Chinese Standard Time (CST)and ended up after 3-4 h.Concentrations of Aitken and accumulation mode particles increased from midnight and reached their maxima at about 10:00 CST,and then decreased and became the lowest in the afternoon.Analysis of diurnal cycles in traffic volume and meteorological parameters revealed that the accumulation of the particles in Aitken and accumulation modes in the morning was influenced by formation of an inversion and increase in vehicle emission,and dispersion of such particles in the afternoon was associated with more effective vertical mixing and higher wind speed.     

Interaction of DNA with aromatic hydrocarbons fraction in atmospheric particulates of Xigu District of Lanzhou, China

Voluminously epidemiological studies show that the relationships exist between the air pollution and human health and cancer. Aromatic hydrocarbons(AHs)in air form a large class of organic pollutants,which are widely in environment and many of them are known to be carcinogenic and/or mutagenic and contribute to ambient air pollution.In the past decades,bioassays mainly have been used to evaluate the toxicity of chemical mixtures in atmospheric particulates or aqueous environment.However,it is well known that the covalent complexes formed by carcinogens with DNA may be exert negative results in bioassay.So the main aim of this paper is to develop an evaluation method of toxicity effects of chemical mixtures in atmospheric particulates from chemical standpoint.In this study,the in vitro interaction of the AHs with DNA was investigated by absorption,fluorescence and resonance light scattering (RLS)spectroscopic techniques.The results showed that the AHs in the atmospheric particulates could combine with calf thymus DNA(ctDNA)and herring sperm DNA(hsDNA)without being activated or metabolized by organism,respectively.Intercalation may be present in the mechanism of interaction.The binding constants of the AHs with ctDNA and hsDNA were 2.5×10~2 and 2.0×10~3, respectively,which indicated that the interaction of the AHs with hsDNA is stronger than that with ctDNA.In addition,the relationships of dose-effect between the total mole concentration of chemical components and the ability of binding ctDNA and hsDNA were confirmed.This research made it possible to study the toxicity effects of chemical mixtures in atmospheric particulates by chemical method.It is believed that the composition and contents of unknown AHs and the interaction of DNA with AHs in atmospheric particulates of Xigu District of Lanzhou City,China are first reported in the past twenty years.     

捕获扬尘:真空输送机的作用

多数情况下,人们听到扬尘(fugitivedust)这个术语,想到的就是可燃扬尘。然而,扬尘只是一种夹杂在空气中的微粒物质(通常因为风或人而被扰动)。可吸入粉尘颗粒肉眼看不见,普遍认为其大小为10微米或更小。所有有害的可吸入粉尘中,人们最关注二氧化硅,大概是因为很多产品都有二氧化硅,它几乎存在于所有行业,并且可导致不可治愈的肺部疾病,甚至死亡。硅石在食品、药品中常被用作防结块剂,在金属粉末、油漆和涂料的配方中也会被用作补充剂。