Optimization of gasoline hydrocarbon compositions for reducing exhaust emissions

Effects of hydrocarbon compositions on raw exhaust emissions and combustion processes were studied on an engine test bench. The optimization of gasoline hydrocarbon composition was discussed. As olefins content increased from 10.0% to 25.0% in volume, the combustion duration was shortened by about 2 degree crank angle ( CA), and the engine-out THC emission was reduced by about 15%. On the other hand, as aromatics content changed from 35.0% to 45.0%, the engine-out NOx emissions increased by 4%. An increment in olefins content resulted in a slight increase in engine-out CO emission, while the aromatics content had little e ect on engine-out total hydrocarbon (THC) and CO emissions. Over the new European driving cycle (NEDC), the THC, NOx and CO emissions of fuel with 25.0% olefins and 35.0% aromatics were about 45%, 21% and 19% lower than those of fuel with 10.0% olefins and 40.0% aromatics, respectively. The optimized gasoline compositions for new engines and new vehicles have low aromatics and high olefins contents.     

Characterization of organic matter in total suspended particles by thermodesorption and pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

The organic matter in tropospheric aerosol plays an important role in atmospheric physical and chemical processes. The bulk of organic matter, representing a significant proportion of the total suspended particulate (TSP) mass, is bound to polymeric material whose structure and properties are largely unknown. Here we used thermodesorption gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Td- GC/MS) to study organic compounds of low molecular mass and pyrolysis gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) to characterize the chemical structure of macromolecules in TSP samples collected in di erent seasons from di erent sites in Guangzhou. n-Alkanes, fatty acids and nitriles were the predominant compounds in the thermodesorption products, whereas aromatics, fatty acids, nitriles and n-alkanes/alkenes were the major compounds in the pyrolysates. The results indicated that aromatics were main units in macromolecules. The fatty acids and nitriles formed from carboxylic ammonium salts were detected in both thermodesorption products and pyrolysates at a certain concentration, indicating the importance of these compounds in TSP formation. The TSP source mainly determined the occurrence of compounds in samples from urban, suburban and forest sites, whereas the TSP source and formation process maybe controlled the seasonal variation in compounds detected. High levels of nitriles in summer samples from suburban and forest sites coincide with the release of ammonium from the land and of fatty acids from vegetation at these sites.     

信息产业的低碳明天——谈电子及通信设备制造业能耗与碳减排

作为信息产业的基础和重要组成部分,电子及通信设备制造业长期以低能耗、高附加值的产业特征被作为国家重点扶持产业。2009年《电子信息产业调整和振兴规划》的发布更将进一步推动该产业在我国的发展。因此,准确把握该行业能耗及二氧化碳排放情况,研究其规律,对于推进我国资源节约型社会和低碳经济的建设作用重大。     

减少碳足迹的政府作为

2007年6月,英国政府的环境、食品管理机构及农村事务部分别在网站上发布了针对个人或家庭的二氧化碳排放量计算器,使得公众在上网时可随时计算自己每天生活中排放的二氧化碳量。随后,美国、爱尔兰、中国的一些网站也纷纷出现了碳足迹计算器,这些网站同时给出了如何减小碳足迹的对应排放量的碳抵消（carbon offsets）途径。一般说,碳足迹计算器是以家庭为单位计算的,但国外也出现了针对不同类型企业的碳足迹的计算研究。     

草海沉积物营养元素分布特征与控制因素

选取贵州草海这一典型高原湖泊湿地作为研究对象,在代表性湖区共布设17个采样点,采集了表层沉积物和沉积物柱芯,对沉积物总有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)分布特征及控制因素开展了对比研究。研究结果表明,草海表层沉积物营养盐分布主要受外源输入和湖泊初级生产控制:表层沉积物TOC、TN含量平均值分别为232.98mg/g和25.21mg/g,远高于国内其他湖泊,且呈现湖心高、近岸区低的分布特征,由于氮较高的迁移性和生物可利用性,草海沉积物TN明显受湖泊水生植物生长控制,主要以有机质形式赋存于沉积物中;表层沉积物TP含量平均值为1.03mg/g,其空间分布特征显著不同于TOC、TN,在湖心、东南湖区和出水口其含量较低,主要受外源输入控制,且主要以沉淀、吸附等无机形态赋存于沉积物中。草海沉积物柱芯中TOC、TN、TP含量总体上呈现随深度增加先迅速降低而后趋于稳定的变化趋势,但不同湖区其含量差异较大,反映了人为干扰强度和沉积环境的差异。草海流域外源污染物输入和沉积物较高的营养盐内负荷是其水体富营养化面临的主要威胁,一方面应采取有效手段消减外源污染物输入,另一方面应通过合理的生态修复措施控制内源营养盐释放。草海繁茂的沉水植物增强了水体自净功能,优化草海水生植物种群结构、恢复草型健康湖泊生态系统对保护草海生态环境具有重要意义。     

环保税与生态文明建设

环保税确立了多排多征、少排少征、不排不征和高危多征、低危少征的正向减排激励机制,有利于引导企业加大节能减排力度。一方面,环保税针对同一危害程度的污染因子按照排放量征税,排放越多,征税越多;另一方面,环保税针对不同危害程度的污染因子设置差别化的污染当量值,实现对高危害污染因子多征税。以大气污染物为例,排放同样数量具有较高危害性的“甲醛”,所要缴纳的环保税是普通“烟尘”的24倍。     

HPLC-(UV)-HG-AFS联用技术测定市售紫菜中砷形态

为优化高效液相色谱-氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱(HPLC-HG-AFS法)同时测定As(III)、DMA、MMA、As(V)和AsB五种砷形态的方法,选用不同提取剂和流动相测定了市售紫菜中砷的形态,考察不同比例甲醇-水溶液作为提取剂、不同流动相对测定紫菜中砷形态的影响。试验结果表明:流动相选择5mmol/L(NH4)2HPO4,在pH值为9.0时能有效分离五种砷形态;市售紫菜中的总砷含量为7.9~13.0mg/kg,未检测到As(III)、As(V)、MMA和DMA;通过对比不同比例甲醇-水溶液的提取效果,发现1∶9甲醇-水溶液和3∶1甲醇-水溶液提取紫菜中砷形态的提取效果较好。该试验结果可为紫菜等植物样品中砷形态的提取提供参考。     

常压火焰原子吸收法测定城市污泥总铜

在测定城市污水处理厂污泥总铜的行业标准方法中,某些具体的分析条件并没有明确给定,本文阐述以现有的检测仪器进行优化,确定具体的分析条件,使之检测结果达到质量控制的要求。     

关于室内污染物采样过程的探讨及治理

近年来,室内空气质量成为了广范关注的话题。为了预防和控制民用建筑工程中建筑材料和装修材料产生的室内环境污染,结合现行室内环境污染控制标准和规范,文章对规范中主控的甲醛、氨、苯、TVOC、氡在采样过程中遇见的问题及采取的相关措施进行讨论,并对室内环境污染物的治理方法进行总结。     

红外分光光度法改进后测定废水中总油类

使用淘汰的500 mL玻璃试剂瓶,既当采样瓶又替代分液漏斗直接振荡萃取废水中的总油类,加入无水硫酸钠脱水后,用红外分光测油仪测定萃取液吸光度。通过对样品的实验分析,能够保证分析的准确度,表明该方法具有可操作性。