杭州市空气中PM10的化学组成特征

于2001年2月至2002年4月在杭州5个空气质量自动监测子站采集了176组PM10样品,分析了22种化学元素、5种离子以及有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)的含量,并讨论了PM10的化学组成特征.杭州市空气中铅污染仍然存在,硫的存在形式主要为水溶性硫酸盐.5种水溶性离子的浓度由大到小排列的顺序是SO2-4> NO-3> NH+4>Cl->F-,大气中NH+4主要是以(NH4)2SO4,NH4HSO4和NH4NO3的形式存在.OC和EC浓度分别为20.4 μg·m-3和4.0 μg·m-3,其相关性不好表明碳的来源复杂.PM10的物质平衡计算表明,局地地质尘是最高的化学组分,达27.7%,其次为有机物23.9%,第三为硫酸盐16.2%,这3个组分占PM10的67.8%,其它为硝酸盐6.3%,铵盐6.1%,微量元素5.5%,元素碳3.4%以及未测组分11.0%.     

丁布的分离、纯化和结构鉴定及其对麦长管蚜

从玉米苗中分离、纯化得到丁布，利用纸层析，紫外分光光度扫描和核磁共振^1H NMR等技术对其作结构鉴定。结果与文献报道基本一致，且纯度在96.7%以上，以纯化的丁布为标样，用HPLC方法分析了不同抗性级别的小麦品种中丁布的含量。结果表明：品种之间丁布的含量差异显著，丁布的浓度与小麦的抗蚜级别呈显著负相关，与麦长管蚜的内禀增长率rm亦呈显著负相关，借助麦长管蚜全纯人工饲料研究表明，丁布对麦长管蚜有明显的拒食性作用。图3表2参13。     

几种化感物质对杉木幼苗生长的影响

采用培养皿滤纸法 ,研究了不同浓度的肉桂酸、苯甲酸、对羟基苯甲酸对杉木 (Cunninghamialanceolata)幼苗生长的影响 .结果表明肉桂酸、苯甲酸、对羟基苯甲酸分别在 1× 10 -5molL-1、1× 10 -3molL-1、1× 10 -4 molL-1浓度时降低了叶绿素含量 (P =0 .0 5 ) ,而在 1× 10 -6molL-1、1× 10 -4 molL-1、1× 10 -5molL-1浓度时抑制了杉木幼苗胚根和胚芽的生长 (P =0 .0 1) .3种酚类物质对胚根生长的抑制作用明显高于对胚芽生长的抑制作用 .在 3种酚类物质中 ,肉桂酸对杉木幼苗生长的抑制作用最强 ,对羟基苯甲酸次之 ,苯甲酸最弱 .这表明酚类物质能在不同程度上抑制杉木幼苗的生长 ,降低其生产力 ,可能是连栽杉木人工林生产力降低的因素之一 .图 2表 1参 14     

环境中的药物——LC-MS/MS分析地表水和地下水

成百上千的活性物质正被用于人药和兽药处方中.由于药物的广泛应用,它们的残留物可通过多种途径进入环境.虽然主要通过尿和粪便的排泄,但是药品生产中的排放也应被考虑.当抗生素用于水产业,就会产生更直接的影响.污水处理设备不能完全除去药物,因此药物会出现在地表和地下水样品中.近年来,人们对环境中药物的兴趣正在增加,需要建立一种快速、灵敏、有选择性的方法来分析水样.     

环境友好型阻垢剂聚天冬氨酸毒理性研究

文章通过小鼠急性毒性试验、微核试验和Ames试验,对聚天冬氨酸(PASP)毒理性进行了研究.试验结果表明,LD50≥5000mg/kg.bw,证明PASP是实际无毒物质;在剂量为5.0g/kg.bw以下时,小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞(PCE)微核的发生率与阴性对照组相近,说明PASP不是染色体畸变型的致突变物质;对TA97,TA98,TA100和TA102四种菌株,在剂量为0.008～5mg/皿范围内,投加与不加S9时PASP的MR最大值为1.45,最低值为0.67,呈阴性,即PASP不是基因致突变物质.研究结果对PASP阻垢剂的工业应用具有指导意义.     

厌氧—接触氧化—ClO2消毒法处理医疗生活污水

采用厌氧-接触氧化-ClO2消毒法来处理医疗生活污水，处理后污水可达《污水综合排放标准》一级排放标准。     

Uptake and accumulation of phenanthrene and pyrene in spiked soils by Ryegrass(Lolium perenne L.)

Phytoremediation has long been recognized as a cost-effective method for the removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） from soil. A study was conducted to investigate the uptake and accumulation of PAHs in root and shoot of Lolium perenne L. Pot experiments were conducted with series of concentrations of 3.31-378.37 mg/kg for phenanthrene and those of 4.22-365.38 mg/kg for pyrene in a greenhouse. The results showed that both ryegrass roots and shoots did take up PAHs from spiked soils, and generally increased with increasing concentrations of PAH in soil. Bioconcentration factors（BCFs） of phenanthrene by shoots and roots were 0.24- 4.25 and 0.17-2.12 for the same treatment. BCFs of pyrene by shoots were 0.20-1.5, except for 4.06 in 4.32 mg/kg treatment, much lower than BCFs of pyrene by roots （0.58-2.28）. BCFs of phenanthrene and pyrene tended to decrease with increasing concentrations of phenanthrene and pyrene in soil. Direct uptake and accumulation of these compounds by Lolium perenne L. was very low compared with the other loss pathways, which meant that plant-promoted microbial biodegradation might be the main contribution to plant-enhanced removal of phenanthrene and pyrene in soil. However, the presence of Lolium perenne L. significantly enhanced the removal of phenanthrene and pyrene in spiked soil. At the end of 60 d experiment, the extractable concentrations of phenanthrene and pyrene were lower in planted soil than in non-planted soil, about 83.24%-91.98% of phenanthrene and 68.53%-84.10% of pyrene were removed from soils, respectively. The results indicated that the removal of PAHs in contaminated soils was a feasible approach by using Lolium perenne L.     

有机物质与土壤结构

土壤结构是土壤物理学中最本质的部分．而有机物质对土壤结构的形成和稳定起着重要作用．本文就有机物质对有机无机复合作的形成及其对土壤结构的影响进行讨论．