气相色谱-离子阱-多级质谱法(GC-IT-MS~n)法测定水中22种有机氯和拟除虫菊酯农药残留

有机氯农药是我国较早使用的一大类农药,这类农药具有高毒性,在环境中难降解,易在生物体内富集.拟除虫菊酯类农药是我国当前使用的主要杀虫剂种类之一,有一定蓄积性,在农田使用会污染各种水源,被污染的水体则会对水生     

四种拟除虫菊酯类农药的环境雌激素活性研究

将金鱼(Carassius auratus)分别暴露于0.1mg/L甲氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯、溴氰菊酯和0.5mg/L氯氰菊酯21d后,尾静脉取血,离心分离获得血浆,利用Western-blot方法检测金鱼血浆中是否有卵黄原蛋白产生,同时测定金鱼生殖腺指数、γ-谷氨酰转移酶和乳酸脱氢酶活性.结果表明,对照组雄性金鱼血浆中未检测到卵黄原蛋白,4种拟除虫菊酯农药均能诱导雄性金鱼分泌卵黄原蛋白,而且溴氰菊酯和氯氰菊酯明显降低了雄鱼生殖腺指数,4种农药均能够明显抑制精巢γ-谷氨酰转移酶和乳酸脱氢酶活性.由此可见,4种拟除虫菊酯类农药具有潜在的环境雌激素活性和生殖毒性.     

偏肿拟栓菌共代谢降解芘条件的优化

为提高中国东北土著白腐真菌偏肿拟栓菌(Pseudotrametes gibbosa)对高分子量多环芳烃芘的共代谢降解效果,通过正交试验研究了共代谢基质、接种量、装液量及2,2￠-连氮-二(3-乙基苯并噻唑-6-磺酸)(ABTS)的最佳配比,同时采用浓度梯度法考察芘的初始浓度对偏肿拟栓菌共代谢降解芘的影响.结果表明,偏肿拟栓菌Pseudotrametes gibbosa共代谢降解芘的最佳培养基为:麸皮浓度为20g/L,接种量为3片直径为10mm的菌片,装液量为50mL,不加ABTS,在该培养条件下,酶活可达53.41U/mL,对芘的降解率达到88.8%.初始浓度小于10mg/L的芘对菌体产酶有一定的促进作用,大于10mg/L时抑制漆酶的分泌,同时菌体对初始浓度小于90mg/L芘的降解率在22.24%~93.54%之间.     

Effect of copper on the degradation of pesticides cypermethrin and cyhalothrin

The influence of coexisting copper (Cu) ion on the degradation of pesticides pyrethroid cypermethrin and cyhalothrin in soil and photodegradation in water system were studied.Serial concentrations of the pesticides with the addition of copper ion were spiked in the soil and incubated for a regular period of time,the analysis of the extracts from the soil was carried out using gas chromatography (GC).The photodegradation of pyrethroids in water system was conducted under UV irradiation.The effect of Cu~(2 ) on the pesticides degradation was measured with half life (t_(0.5)) of degradation.It was found that a negative correlation between the degradation of the pyrethroid pesticides in soil and Cu addition was observed.But Cu~(2 ) could accelerate photodegradation of the pyrethroids in water.The t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin extended from 6.7 to 6.8 d while for cypermethrin extended from 8.1 to 10.9 d with the presence of copper ion in soil.As for photodegradation,t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin reduced from 173.3 to 115.5 rain and for cypermethrin from 115.5 to 99.0 min.The results suggested that copper influenced the degradation of the pesticides in soil by affecting the activity of microorganisms.However, it had catalyst tendency for photodegradation in water system.The difference for the degradation efficiency of pyrethroid isomers in soil was also observed.Copper could obviously accelerate the degradation of some special isomers.     

2种拟除虫菊酯类农药对赤子爱胜蚓消化酶的毒性效应

拟除虫菊酯类农药已经逐渐代替有机磷等农药被大量使用,给土壤动物带来潜在生态风险.本研究选择了土壤模式生物赤子爱胜蚓为受试生物,考察2种拟除虫菊酯类农药(联苯菊酯和氟氯氰菊酯)对赤子爱胜蚓消化酶活性(α-葡萄糖苷酶和蛋白酶)的影响.结果表明,α-葡萄糖苷酶(α-Glu)活性在暴露初期被联苯菊酯诱导,随着时间的延长,出现抑...     

海南岛及邻近陆地拟细鲫的种群遗传分化和亲缘地理过程

为了解海南岛及邻近陆地拟细鲫(Aphyocypris normalis)的遗传分化和亲缘地理过程,采用线粒体细胞色素b(Cyt b)对9个种群共124个个体的遗传多样性和遗传分化进行评估,并探讨这一物种的亲缘地理结构及演化历史.结果显示,在1 140 bp的序列中,共检测到87个核苷酸变异位点,定义了34个单倍型.基于...     

福建石兜水库产毒拉氏尖头藻(Raphidiopsis raciborskii)遗传多样性

近几十年以来,全球内陆深水水体拉氏尖头藻(Raphidiopsis raciborskii)的检出率和水华事件日益增多,这种新型水华蓝藻具有产毒和无毒株系,其中能合成拟柱胞藻毒素(cylindrospermopsins,CYNs)的株系主要分布在澳大利亚和东南亚,严重威胁水生态系统和人类健康。本研究于2018年从福建省厦门市石兜水库分离、培养了4株拉氏尖头藻(XM1～XM4),对其形态、遗传多样性和产毒特征进行了研究。显微观察结果表明,4株拉氏尖头藻形态特征基本一致,细胞平均长度为3.79～4.26 μm,藻丝体呈直线型、平均长度为122～199 μm,在环境样品中可观察到异形胞(固氮细胞),使用富含氮的BG11培养基培养后异形胞会消失。酶联免疫吸附(ELISA)试剂盒测定显示,4株拉氏尖头藻均为产毒藻株;液相色谱串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)分析表明,4个藻株能同时合成CYN和脱氧拟柱胞藻毒素(deoxy-CYN),其中XM1、XM2和XM3藻株以CYN为主,在对数生长后期平均浓度为0.71～1.02 pg·cell^-1,XM4则以deoxy-CYN为主,平均浓度...     

拟康宁木霉活菌体处理含铜废水

以拟康宁木霉(Trichoderma koningiopsis)活菌体为吸附剂探讨了接触时间、初始铜浓度、投菌量、葡萄糖用量、碱浓度等因素对木霉活菌体处理含铜废水效果的影响.结果表明,在初始铜浓度100 mg/L,投菌量3 g/L,预处理碱浓度0.2mol/L的条件下,木霉活菌体吸附铜效果最佳,吸附量可达5.01 mg/g(湿).吸附Cu前后的拟康宁木霉菌降解四环素实验结果表明,吸附前后木霉对有机物均有降解效果,吸附过程属活菌体吸附.TEM结果显示,木霉去除铜的机制为表面吸附/络合和胞内富集,FTIR揭示了羟基是活性菌体吸附的主要基团,XRD分析结果证实了羟基与铜结合并以水蓝铜矾[Cu4(SO4)(OH)6H2O]形式络合于菌种细胞壁上,Langmuir吸附等温线较好地拟合了活菌对铜离子的吸附,表明菌体对铜离子主要为均质单层吸附.     

疏浚物倾倒前化学问题的考虑

论述了港口疏浚物倾倒前几个相关的化学问题，并由此提出了我国港口疏浚物倾倒前应实行的化学检验方法．