SBR工艺中原生动物肉足虫的硝化指示作用

通过对SBR反应器曝气量的控制达到了控制硝化率的目的。对肉足虫虫体密度与硝化率相关关系分析结果表明,弯凸表壳虫、普通表壳虫,以及盖厢壳虫均可以作为硝化指示生物。与盖厢壳虫相比,弯凸表壳虫和普通表壳虫与硝化率的相关关系更高,虫体较大易于显微镜观察与计数,更适宜用作硝化指示生物。     

大型海藻与赤潮微藻以及赤潮微藻之间的相互作用研究

研究了2种大型海藻石莼(Ulva pertusa)和江蓠(Gracilaria lemaneiformis)对2种赤潮微藻:东海原甲藻(Prorocentrumdonghaiense)和塔玛亚历山大藻(Alexandum tamarense)生长的影响以及2种微藻之间的相互作用,结果发现:①在大藻(石莼或江蓠)-微藻(东海原甲藻或塔玛亚历山大藻)的共培养体系中,石莼和江蓠均能明显影响与其共培养的微藻的生长,石莼对微藻生长的影响强于江蓠的作用.②在东海原甲藻-塔玛亚历山大藻的双藻培养体系中,东海原甲藻的生长受到明显的抑制作用,最终被完全灭杀;体系中塔玛亚历山大藻的生长未受到明显的影响.另外,塔玛亚历山大藻的培养液滤液能明显抑制东海原甲藻的生长,但东海原甲藻滤液对塔玛亚历山大藻的生长几乎没有影响.实验室条件下模拟二者相互作用的结果显示,塔玛亚历山大藻对东海原甲藻的抑制作用是其被后者抑制作用的17倍左右.③在大藻(石莼或江蓠)-东海原甲藻-塔玛亚历山大藻的多藻培养体系中,东海原甲藻和塔玛亚历山大藻的生长变化与它们在共培养体系中的变化非常类似.半数致死时间(LT50)法的检测结果显示:多藻培养体系对东海原甲藻的联合作用是协同作用,而对塔玛亚历山大藻的作用是相加作用.     

好氧颗粒污泥在生物强化除磷中的应用

结合近年来好氧颗粒污泥的最新研究成果,分析了好氧颗粒污泥的物理、化学、生物学、结构特征,并从生物除磷、反硝化除磷和沉淀作用三方面对好氧颗粒污泥除磷现象进行探讨。旨在为好氧颗粒污泥在生物强化除磷中的实际应用提供理论知识。     

城市环境地球化学调查研究方法综述

总结了城市环境地球化学调查的技术路线,论述了城市环境地球化学解释的思路和方法,提出了城市环境地球化学调查研究的重点问题及研究方向,为开展城市环境调查和评价工作提供了有参考价值的研究线索。     

闭坑铅锌矿区地下水—矿坑水水化学特征及成因分析

矿山关闭后,水位迅速回弹升高,区域水动力场发生改变进而影响到水化学场的演变,并伴随着严重的区域水环境问题。为研究闭坑矿区水体水化学特征和成因,系统采集丰水期、枯水期背景点、地下水和矿井水样测定现场参数、δ¹⁸O和δD值、主量离子等,综合利用多元统计分析、同位素示踪和水化学计量分析等分析方法开展不同水体的水化学特征及成因分析。结果表明,(1)δ¹⁸O和δD组成说明研究区地下水和矿井水主要来源为大气降水,且受到了不同程度的蒸发影响;同一季节内背景点、地下水、矿井水同位素组成具有分区聚集性,丰水期同位素相对亏损,枯水期相对富集,表明不同水体水力联系密切;分层聚类分析和水化学同样揭示了不同含水层之间存在密切的水力联系。(2)研究区水化学具有较大差异。背景点、地下水、矿井水TDS取值范围分别为44.18—138.86、43.39—6 917.6、3 329.22—4 174.20 mg·L^-1,从淡水到咸水均有分布;p H取值范围分别为4.39—8.2、2.75—7.9、2.87—2.92,呈酸性、弱酸性、中性、弱碱性。水化学类型...     

Performance of a novel vertical-flow settler: a comparative study

By increasing particle concentration and G value （root-mean-square velocity gradient） to enhance flocculation, a novel vertical-flow settler was designed to increase sedimentation effectiveness, and to simultaneously improve operational stabilization. Due to the gradual decrease in upward flow-rate of raw water, a floes blanket would form and suspend in the middle section of the settler, not at the bottom as in a conventional clarifier. Enough large floes, resulted from flocculation or fltration, would continuously settle out of the floes blanket, and simultaneously, the floes in raw water or those forming above the blanket would ceaselessly enter the floes blanket. As a result, the floes concentration in the blanket could keep a dynamic balance. The hydrodynamic shear in the blanket was improved by flow separation, which was induced by the abrupt change in flow channel. Due to the floes blanket and improved hydrodynamic shear, flocculation would be enhanced, which was helpful for removing fine particles in raw water. A comparative study showed that the novel vertical-flow settler had a much better performance in the removal of the particles in raw water than a conventional one, when they treated kaolin suspensions of different concentrations （500, 100 and 50 mg/L, respectively） coagulated by polyaluminum chloride（PAC1） at the up-flow rates of 1 and 2 mm/s, respectively.     

Dissipation of chlorpyrifos in pakchoi-vegetated soil in a greenhouse

The dissipation of chlorpyrifos in pakchoi-vegetated soil was investigated in the summer and autumn in a greenhouse and field, respectively. The dissipation of chlorpyrifos in pakchoi-grown soil was comparatively described by fitting the residue data to seven models （lst-order, 1.5th-order, 2nd-order, RF lst-order, RF 1.5th-order, RF 2nd-order, and bi-exponential or two-compartment models）. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS 11.5 statistical package. The bi-exponential model was selected as the optimal model according to the coefficient of determination r^2. The dissipation half-lives （DT50） of chlorpyrifos in pakchoi-vegetated soil at the recommended dose in the summer and autumn, calculated by the bi-exponential model, were 0.6 and 1.2 d in a greenhouse, 0.4 and 1.0 d in a field, respectively; the corresponding values at double dose were 1.2 and 2.1 d in a greenhouse, 0.5 and 1.3 d in a field, respectively. The kinetic data indicate the dissipation of chlorpyrifos in pakchoi-grown soil in a greenhouse is slower than that in a field, and dissipates slower in the autumn than in the summer.     

Characteristics of sewage sludge and distribution of heavy metal in plants with amendment of sewage sludge

In order to better understand land application of sewage sludge, the characterization of heavy metals and organic pollutants were investigated in three different sewage sludges in Shanghai City, China. It was found that the total concentrations of Cd in all of sewage sludge and total concentrations of Zn in Jinshan sewage sludge, as well as those ofZn, Cu, and Ni in Taopu sludge are higher than Chinese regulation limit of pollutants for sludge to be used in agriculture. Leachability of rig in all of studied samples and that of Cd in Taopu sewage sludge exceed the limit values of waste solid extraction standard in China legislation. Based on the characteristics for three kinds of sewage sludge, a pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of soil amended with Quyang sewage sludge on the accumulation of heavy metalo.by Begonia semperfloreas-hybr; Ophiopogon japonicas （L.F.） Ker-Gaw; Loropetalum chindense-var, rubrum; Dendranthema morifolium; Viola tricolor; A ntirrhinum majas; Buxas radicans Sieb; Viburnum macrocephalum; Osmanthas fragrans Lour; Cinnamomum camphora siebold and Ligustrum lucidum ait. Results showed that 8 species of plant survived in the amended soil, and moreover they flourished as well as those cultivated in the control soil. The heavy metal concentration in plants varied with species, As, Pb, Cd and Cr concentration being the highest in the four herbaceous species studied, particularly in the roots of D. morifolium. These plants, however, did not show accumulator of As, Pb, Cd and Cr. The highest concentration of Ni and Hg was found in the roots ofD. morifolium, followed by the leaves ofB. semperflorens-hybr. Levels of Zn and Cu were much higher in D. morifolium than in the other plant species. D. morifolium accumulated Ni, Hg, Cu and Zn, which may contribute to the decrease of heavy metal contents in the amended soil. Treatment with sewage sludge did not significantly affect the uptake of heavy metals by the L. chindense-var, rubrum, however, it significantly affected the uptake of heavy metals by D. morifolium.     

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in water by ozone-hydrogen peroxide process

IntroductionAt present, several types of organic pollutantsreferred to as environmental endocrine disruptors(ED) have been suggested to be associated withabnormal sexual development (Hu, 2000). It wasreported that the ED led to the decline of reproductive…     

Process of rice straw degradation and dynamic trend of pH by the microbial community MC1

The process of the rice straw degradation in the fermentor with aeration at 290 ml/h was studied. The results of dissolved oxygen （DO） indicated that the optimum DO during cellulose degradation by microbial community MC1 ranged from 0.01 to 0.12 mg/L. The change model ofpH values was as follows： irrespective of the initial pH of the medium, pH values decreased rapidly to approximate 6.0 after being inoculated within 48 h when cellulose was strongly degraded, and then increased slowly to 8.0--9.0 until cellulose was degraded completely. During the degradation process, 15 kinds of organic compounds were checked out by GC-MS. Most of them were organic acids. Quantity analysis was carried out, and the maximum content compound was ethyl acetate which reached 13.56 g/L on the day 4. The cellulose degradation quantity and ratio analyses showed that less quantity （under batch fermentation conditions） and longer interval （under semi-fermentation conditions） of rice straw added to fermentation system were contributed to matching the change model of pH, and increasing the quantity and ratio of rice straw degradation during cellulose degrading process. The highest degradation ratio was observed under the condition office straw added one time every five days （under semi-fermentation conditions）.