铜、锌离子对厌氧氨氧化污泥脱氮效能的影响

通过接种厌氧氨氧化污泥,研究了Cu2+、Zn2+浓度变化对厌氧氨氧化污泥脱氮效能长短期的影响.短期实验结果表明,铜、锌离子对厌氧氨氧化污泥的脱氮效能影响主要分为3个阶段.刺激阶段,Cu2+浓度0~1mg/L和Zn2+浓度0~4mg/L时,随着进水金属离子浓度的增加,微生物活性受到刺激,氮去除速率迅速增加;稳定阶段,Cu2+浓度1~8mg/L时,氮去除速率处于稳定状态.抑制阶段,Cu2+浓度大于8mg/L和Zn2+大于4mg/L时,随着进水金属离子浓度的增加,氮去除速率逐步下降.Cu2+、Zn2+对厌氧氨氧化污泥脱氮效能长期影响表明,当进水Cu2+浓度达到4mg/L和Zn2+达到8mg/L时厌氧氨氧化污泥的活性将受到抑制.降低进水重金属浓度后,厌氧氨氧化污泥活性可以得到恢复.厌氧氨氧化菌对Cu2+的敏感性强于Zn2+.     

城市轻型车实际道路瞬态排放的特征

采用清华大学环境科学与工程系构建的车载排放测试系统对北京市8辆轻型车的实际道路瞬态排放进行测试,分别解析了速度、加速度与排放的数理规律,引入“排放增量”概念,建立一套可用于研究交通流特征对机动车排放影响的轻型车瞬态排放数学模拟模式.验证结果表明,污染物排放总量模拟值与实测值相差±20%以内,瞬态排放速率的模拟值与实测值较接近,体现出排放变化趋势及排放峰值.     

微生物多样性对土壤碳代谢特征的影响

土壤微生物群落在生态系统过程中发挥着重要的作用,而关于土壤微生物多样性对生态系统功能的影响无一致结论.为了研究微生物多样性对土壤碳代谢特征的影响,将稀释10~(-1)、10~(-3)和10~(-5)倍(D1、D3和D5)的庞泉沟阔叶混交林土壤悬浮液接种在灭菌的土样中.通过碱式滴定法和Biolog Eco板等实验方法测定了不同多样性梯度下土壤碳矿化速率和碳代谢利用模式的变化.结果表明培养6周后,D1处理的碳矿化速率、累积碳矿化量、平均孔颜色变化率(AWCD)和多样性指数(Shannon、Mc Intosh和丰富度指数)均显著高于D5处理.且相关分析表明,累积碳矿化量和AWCD与丰富度呈显著负相关.对碳源吸光度做主成分分析(PCA)和单因素方差分析发现微生物多样性梯度的土壤碳源利用模式也存在差异.因此,微生物多样性下降影响土壤的碳矿化速率和碳源利用模式,导致陆地生态系统的功能发生改变,在森林土壤管理中,应重视土壤微生物物种多样性变化对生态系统功能的影响.     

障碍物管道中H2/CO2/空气爆炸特性影响的数值模拟研究

为掌握不同因素和不同条件对H₂/空气管道预混气体火焰传播的作用和影响,应用FLACS软件在不同的当量比、燃料中的CO₂体积分数、障碍物数量和阻塞率等条件下,分别以火焰传播速度、超压、升压速率和温度等特征参数为表征,对半开口管道中H₂/空气预混火焰传播过程及其参数影响进行模拟研究。结果表明：当量比为1.2时,半开口管道中H₂/空气预混火焰最高温度最大,当量比为1时,H₂/空气爆炸压力的最大超压和最大升压速率最大;CO₂对H₂/空气预混火焰的传播具有明显的抑制作用,且随着燃料中CO₂体积分数的增加,抑制效果越突出,预混火焰最高温度、最大超压和最大升压速率也就越小;障碍物的存在对预混火焰的传播具有激励作用,且激励效果在一定程度内随着障碍物数量和阻塞率的增大而增大。     

丙烷对甲烷-空气预混气体爆炸影响机理研究

为探究丙烷对甲烷爆炸的影响,通过试验研究不同体积分数丙烷对甲烷爆炸特性的影响特征,利用CHEMKIN-PRO软件模拟丙烷影响甲烷爆炸过程中自由基变化特征。结果表明,随着丙烷体积分数的增大,丙烷对甲烷爆炸呈现出先促进后抑制的作用。当丙烷体积分数为0.2%～0.6%时,促进甲烷爆炸;当丙烷体积分数为0.8%～1.0%时,抑制甲烷爆炸。在丙烷促进甲烷爆炸阶段,丙烷通过均裂反应生成·C₂H₅和·CH₃,·CH₃增大·H、·O、·OH的生成速率,导致爆炸强度增强;在丙烷抑制甲烷爆炸阶段,随着丙烷体积分数的持续增加,O₂体积分数降低,·O生成速率降低,·H、·OH生成速率降低,导致爆炸强度减弱。     

油罐动火安全措施

油罐动火之前，除进行清洗外，还要注意清除罐底内的积垢。这些积垢很难用蒸汽和水赶跑，必须用扫帚扫、纱头揩等方法彻底清除，否则还会挥发出可燃性气体。     

美国环保局利用EPI软件预测新化学物特性

据美国相关法律,美国环保局(EPA)必须在接到厂商对生产新化学物的书面申请后90天内,完成对厂商提供数据的审核,判断将生产的新化学物是否对人类和环境有暴露影响以便采取政策措施。由于新化学物的物理或化学特性信息极少或几乎没有,EPA使用“评估程序界面”(EPI)的一组方程预测     

Humic acid transport in saturated porous media: Influence of flow velocity and influent concentration

Understanding the transport of humic acids（HAs） in porous media can provide important and practical evidence needed for accurate prediction of organic/inorganic contaminant transport in different environmental media and interfaces. A series of column transport experiments was conducted to evaluate the transport of HA in different porous media at different flow velocities and influent HA concentrations. Low flow velocity and influent concentration were found to favor the adsorption and deposition of HA onto sand grains packed into columns and to give higher equilibrium distribution coefficients and deposition rate coefficients, which resulted in an increased fraction of HA being retained in columns.Consequently, retardation factors were increased and the transport of HA through the columns was delayed. These results suggest that the transport of HA in porous media is primarily controlled by the attachment of HA to the solid matrix. Accordingly, this attachment should be considered in studies of HA behavior in porous media.     

Experimental study using the dilution incubation method to assess water biostability

Water biostability is of particular concern to water supply as a major limiting factor for heterotrophic bacterial growth in water distribution systems. This study focused on bacterial growth dynamics in the series dilution of water samples with TOC（total organic carbon） values determined beforehand. The results showed that the specific growth rate of Pseudomonas fluorescens P17 varied dramatically and irregularly with TOC value when TOC concentrations were low enough during the initial periods of incubation under given conditions. According to this relationship between bacterial growth rate and TOC, a dilution incubation method was designed for the study of water biostability. With the method under a given condition, a turning-point TOC value was found at a relatively fixed point in the curve between bacterial growth rate and TOC of water sample, and the variation of growth rate had different characteristics below the turning-point TOC value relative to that over this value. A turning-point TOC value similarly existed in all experiments not only with tap water, but also with acetate and mixed solutions. And in the dilution incubation method study, the affections were analyzed by condition factors such as inoculum amount,incubation time and nature of the organic carbon source. In very low organic carbon water environments, the variation characteristics of bacterial growth rate will be useful to further understand the meaning of water biostability.