Experimental investigation of the e ect of flow turbulence and sediment transport patterns on the adsorption of cadmium ions onto sediment particles

The mechanism of flow turbulence,sediment supply conditions,and sediment transport patterns that affect the adsorption of cadmiumions onto sediment particles in natural waters are experimentally simulated and studied both in batch reactors and in a turbulencesimulation tank.By changing the agitation conditions,the sediment transport in batch reactors can be categorized into bottom sediment-dominated sediment and suspended sediment-dominated sediment.It is found that the adsorption rate of bottom sediment is much lessthan that of suspended sediment,but the sediment transport pattern does not affect the final(equilibrium)concentration of dissolvedcadmium.This result indicates that the parameters of an adsorption isotherm are the same regardless of the sediment transport pattern.Inthe turbulence simulation tank,the turbulence is generated by harmonic grid-stirred motions,and the turbulence intensity is quantifiedin terms of eddy diffusivity,which is equal to 9.84F(F is the harmonic vibration frequency)and is comparable to natural surfacewater conditions.When the turbulence intensity of flow is low and sediment particles stay as bottom sediment,the adsorption rateis significantly low,and the adsorption quantity compared with that of suspended sediment is negligible in the 6 h duration of theexperiment.This result greatly favors the simplification of the numerical modeling of heavy metal pollutant transformation in naturalrivers.When the turbulence intensity is high but bottom sediment persists,the rate and extent of descent of the dissolved cadmiumconcentration in the tank noticeably increase,and the time that is required to reach adsorption equilibrium also increases considerablydue to the continuous exchange that occurs between the suspended sediment and the bottom sediment.A comparison of the results ofthe experiments in the batch reactor and those in the turbulence simulation tank reveals that the adsorption ability of the sediment,andin particular the adsorption rate,is greatly over-estimated in the batch reactor.     

种植苜蓿草的生态环境效益和经济效益分析——苜蓿草在台安县洪家农牧场种植实验

2004年台安县洪家农牧场引进加拿大优质苜蓿草进行种植实验.通过清种、林地间作和不种苜蓿草对比实验,对土壤速效氮、速效磷、速效钾、有机质、PH值、含水量进行分析,得出种植苜蓿草所产生的生态环境效益和经济效益.此项实验结论说明,紫色苜蓿是牧草之王,可促进养殖业的发展,对改善生态环境,防止土壤沙化和水土流失,改善农业结构,实现生态良性循环起到积极的促进作用,对改善生态环境起到了良好的示范作用.     

Silver impregnated carbon for adsorption and desorption of elemental mercury vapors

The Hg0 vapor adsorption experimental results on a novel sorbent obtained by impregnating a commercially available activated carbon (Darco G60 from BDH) with silver nitrate were reported. The study was performed by using a fundamental approach, in an apparatus at laboratory scale in which a synthetic flue gas, formed by Hg0 vapors in a nitrogen gas stream, at a given temperature and mercury concentration, was flowed through a fixed bed of adsorbent material. Breakthrough curves and adsorption isotherms were obtained for bed temperatures of 90, 120 and 150°C and for Hg0 concentrations in the gas varying in the range of 0.8–5.0 mg/m3. The experimental gas-solid equilibrium data were used to evaluate the Langmuir parameters and the heat of adsorption. The experimental results showed that silver impregnated carbon was very effective to capture elemental mercury and the amount of mercury adsorbed by the carbon decreased as the bed temperature increased. In addition, to evaluate the possibility of adsorbent recovery, desorption was also studied. Desorption runs showed that both the adsorbing material and the mercury could be easily recovered, since at the end of desorption the residue on solid was almost negligible. The material balance on mercury and the constitutive equations of the adsorption phenomenon were integrated, leading to the evaluation of only one kinetic parameter which fits well both the experimentally determined breakthrough and desorption curves.     

改性灰岩除氟的实验研究

采用改性灰岩作为除氟材料,通过批实验和柱实验,考察不同条件下的除氟效果,并探讨了其实际应用的可能性。结果表明:FeCl3溶液联合灰岩除氟,可使高氟水中的氟浓度达到国家饮用水标准,在含氟水样中加灰岩后,直接加FeCl3会促进灰岩对氟的去除效率。在氟离子浓度为5 mg/L,粒径0.2～0.5 mm的灰岩为1 g的条件下,铁离子含量为0.016 mmol/L时,即可达到去除的最佳效果,除氟率可达95.74%。柱实验说明在FeCl3溶液浓度一定时,除氟率随着总出水量的增加而提高;填充的灰岩总量不变时,随着FeCl3溶液浓度的增加,除氟效果明显增加,说明本实验具有实际应用的可能性。     

《环境科学与技术》总目次

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何泽慧 为中国学造大炮的伟大女性

何泽慧是中国知名核物理学家钱三强的夫人。作为中国第一代女物理学家,中科院资深院士,何泽慧的名字更多时候被掩盖在了许多男性科学家的背后。那枚黄金铸造的“两弹一星功勋奖章”上面虽然没有铭刻她的名字,却同样浸润了她的汗水和泪水。何泽慧先生生前为开拓我国中子物理与裂变物理实验领域作出了重要贡献,人们送给了她“中国的居里夫人”的称号。     

粉煤灰基质复合滤料吸附Mn^2＋试验研究

以粉煤灰基质复合滤料为吸附材料,通过单因素和正交实验相结合的实验方法,考察了吸附滤料投加量、吸附时间、原水初始浓度、振荡频率、温度等因素对除锰效果的影响。从单因素实验可知：随着滤料质量的增大,Mn2＋去除率在开始时增长幅度较大,后来逐渐趋于平缓。在正交实验中固定滤料投加量为300 g/L,发现在锰离子的吸附过程中,吸附时间的影响最大,随后分别是原水浓度和温度,振荡频率的影响程度最小。     

Experimental study on filtration and continuous regeneration of a particulate filter system for heavy-duty diesel engines

This study investigated the filtration and continuous regeneration of a particulate filter system on an engine test bench, consisting of a diesel oxidation catalyst（DOC） and a catalyzed diesel particulate filter（CDPF）. Both the DOC and the CDPF led to a high conversion of NO to NO2 for continuous regeneration. The filtration efficiency on solid particle number（SPN） was close to100%. The post-CDPF particles were mainly in accumulation mode. The downstream SPN was sensitively influenced by the variation of the soot loading. This phenomenon provides a method for determining the balance point temperature by measuring the trend of SPN concentration.     

Acute and chronic toxic effects of Pb2+ on polychaete Perinereis aibuhitensis：Morphological changes and responses of the antioxidant system

Perinereis aibuhitensis was used to assess adverse biological effects caused by acute and chronic Pb2＋exposure in artificial seawater under controlled laboratory conditions. In 96-hr acute toxicity experiments,the morphological changes showed a positive time/dose-dependent tendency,and the 96-hr LC50 value of Pb2＋was 686.41 mg/L. The responses of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants in tissues including catalase（CAT）,peroxidase（POD）,superoxide dismutase（SOD）,glutathione peroxidase（GSH-PX）,malondialdehyde（MDA） and the content of total soluble protein（TSP）,were investigated on days 1,4,7 and 10 after Pb2＋exposure under chronic toxicity testing. Results showed that the activation of the antioxidant system in P. aibuhitensis depended on the Pb2＋concentration and the duration of exposure time.Specifically,POD and SOD activities were induced on the first day of the exposure and decreased to the control level on day 10 after exposure. Therefore,these two indexes could be used to indicate oxidative stress associated with P. aibuhitensis exposure to Pb2＋.