不同栽培模式下耕层土壤盐分演变规律研究

通过定位试验对有机栽培、无公害栽培和常规栽培模式下土壤盐分动态进行了研究。结果表明,有机栽培和无公害栽培模式中土壤盐分差异不显著,常规与无公害栽培模式中土壤盐分差异显著(F0.05=9.04),常规与有机栽培模式下的土壤盐分差异也极显著(F0.01=9.37)。常规栽培与无公害栽培环境中,全年土壤全盐量变化表现为两个积盐期:春季和秋季,以春季积盐最明显;有机栽培环境中,从7月份即出现了积盐过程,并且土壤全盐量变化趋势与气温变化基本一致。     

为人地“排毒”迫在眉睫

前不久，我国多个省份出产的稻米被查出镉超标，“镉米危机”的出现，再次敲响土壤污染的警钟。     

Response of the grain yield and quality of hybrid rice to weak light stress北大核心CSCD

In this study, three rice varieties, Byou268 (low light-sensitive type), Nei5you768 (intermediate type), and Yixiangyou1108 (low light-tolerant), were used as experimental materials to investigate the yield and quality responses of different rice varieties to low light stress under normal light (CK) and low light (SH). The results showed the following: (1) Compared with normal light, the decrease in Yixiangyou1108’s 1 000-grain weight, grain number per spike, and seed setting rate under low light treatment were much lower than those of Nei5you768 and Byou268. The yield decline of Yixiangyou1108 (46.5%) was significantly lower than that of Nei5you768 (56.5%) and Byou268 (69.8%). Yixiangyou1108 showed strong tolerance to low light stress in terms of 1 000-grain weight, seed setting rate, grain number per panicle, and yield. (2) Compared with normal light, the reduction in grain length and width of Yixiangyou1108 under low-light treatment was significantly greater than that of Byou268; however, the reduction in the length-width ratio did not reach a significant level. The amylose content and gel consistency of the rice were significantly reduced. The reduction in amylose content of Yixiangyou1108 (24.5%) was significantly lower than that of Nei5you768 (28.1%) and Byou268 (30.6%); however, the decrease in gel consistency of Yixiangyou1108 (14.7%) was significantly higher than that of Nei5you768 (9.8%) and Byou268 (8.1%). After low light treatment, the characteristic values of the RVA curve of rice changed. The peak viscosity and breakdown viscosity of Yixiangyou1108, Nei5you768, and Byou268 were significantly decreased, but the cold glue viscosity and setback viscosity were significantly increased, while there was no significant difference in the peak time and peak temperature. The response of 1 000-grain weight, grain number per spike, and seed setting rate under low light stress can be used as a yield index of rice breeding with low light tolerance; rice grain type, amylose, and gel consistency; and peak viscosity and hot paset viscosity in RVA characteristic values can be used as quality indexes of low-light-tolerant rice material breeding. © 2022 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

上海市稻米中有机氯农药残留水平及健康风险评价

中国作为农药的生产和使用大国,曾大量使用滴滴涕(DDTs)、六六六(HCHs)等有机氯农药.水稻是上海市的主要粮食作物,青浦和崇明区是其重要的水稻种植基地.本研究检测了上海市青浦和崇明区稻米样品中24种有机氯农药的残留水平,分析了OCPs的组成特征并对上海地区稻米中的OCPs残留进行了健康风险评价.结果表明,研究区稻米中OCPs以DDTs和HCHs为主要残留物.青浦和崇明稻米中24种OCPs的总平均残留量分别为6.53 ng·g-1和4.70 ng·g-1,低于食品安全国家标准中对应OCPs的再残留限值.青浦区稻米中4,4-DDE和β-HCH的残留水平最高,崇明区稻米则以2,4-DDT和β-HCH为主要成分.来源解析显示,上海市区域内近期可能仍有三氯杀螨醇和林丹的使用.健康风险评价结果表明,食用本研究区稻米因OCPs所产生的致癌与非致癌风险较低,处于可接受水平.     

生物农药在环境改善中的应用研究

哈密石油基地建立于荒漠戈壁,为了改善生存环境,建设了人工种植林,园林树木病虫害的防治长期依赖化学农药,忽视自然调控,对基地生态环境的改善十分不利.不能过分依赖化学农药已经成为全球共识,不少国家以法规形式制定了5-10年内减少50％化学农药用量的目标.为了达到既能有效防治植物病虫害,又能减少化学农药用量的目的,通过对生物农药的应用研究确定常用生物农药种类和具体防治技术,有效降低常见病虫害复发率30％,常见病虫害防效率达到75％以上.施药后,植物不产生药害,对人、畜、环境相对安全.     

湖南攸县稻米镉（Cd）富集特征及原因解析

攸县大米富镉(Cd)问题受到社会的广泛关注.通过实地调查和采样分析,应用路径分析模型(PA),多元回归分析和K-means聚类方法分析Cd在土壤-稻米系统中的富集特征,潜在风险和主要影响因子.结果显示攸县稻米Cd平均含量为0.47 mg·kg~(-1),约为国家粮食安全质量标准的2.5倍.稻米Cd富集因子(PUF)服从自然对数分布,变化范围较大.回归分析和PA分析显示土壤pH、土壤Mn和土壤Zn含量为影响PUF变化的主要环境因子,其中土壤Mn对PUF的影响主要体现在对稻米Cd的直接作用,土壤pH和土壤Zn对PUF的影响主要是通过影响土壤Cd含量而间接影响稻米Cd含量.K-means聚类分析显示土壤pH=5.6和土壤Mn含量=333 mg·kg-1可作为研究区对生产严重超标Cd米的土壤进行治理的初步调控阈值.     

布朗李无公害栽培技术

本文从品种选择的“三看三不”，栽培环境，土肥水管理，树体管理，病虫综合防治等方面阐述了布朗李无公害栽培的技术措施。     

天津市辛口镇万亩无公害蔬菜产业化示范项目

简要介绍了天津市辛口镇的自然地理情况及建立万亩无公害蔬菜产业化示范项目。     

无公害矿山的建设

山东省莱芜钢铁总厂莱芜铁矿谷有台矿区采用多中段同时开采，顶板预注浆，尾砂、废石胶结充填采矿等国内外先进技术和工艺进行技术改造，扩大生产规模、实现矿山建设和生产过程中的无公害采矿。