浮萍与水花生净化N、P污染性能比较

以经筛选得到的本地优势浮萍和水花生为研究对象,通过设置浮萍、水花生单种和浮萍-水花生混养等三种体系,考察了其对生活污水和稀释的牛场厌氧废水N、P的净化效果。结果表明,浮萍、水花生单种体系和浮萍-水花生混养体系对供试污水TN、TP的最大去除率分别为95.2%、91.1%;80.7%、75.4%和86.4%、86.4%。低有机污染条件下,浮萍吸收N、P的能力优于水花生,但其对COD的去除能力逊色于水花生;当水体有机污染程度较高时,可通过将浮萍和水花生混养,建立共生系统,以高效、稳定地去除污染物。     

水力停留时间对膜生物反应器复合工艺污水处理特性的影响

开发了厌氧-多级好氧/缺氧-膜生物反应器复合工艺,在不同水力停留时间(HRT)下,考察了系统对污染物去除效果及其膜污染的特性.结果表明,在试验选定的HRT范围内,系统对TN和TP的去除率随着HRT的降低而升高,当HRT为8.70、6.96、4.97 h时,系统对TN和TP的平均去除率分别为73.15%、79.76%、81.98%和67.79%、80.99%、92.16%.但是,较低HRT条件下膜通量较高,会加剧膜污染进程.解决这一问题的措施是增加膜组件个数,从而在不提高膜通量的情况下使系统保持较低的HRT,保证系统高效稳定的污染物去除效果.     

pH对沟渠沉积物截留农田排水沟渠中氮、磷的影响研究

通过摇瓶动态实验和箱体静止实验,研究了不同pH条件下沟渠沉积物对农田流失氮、磷的截留效应,分析了pH对氮、磷截留效应及其界面交换作用的影响.结果表明:在实验pH变化范围内,沟渠沉积物对NH 4-N的吸附量和NO-2-N的硝化量以及对TN的截留率都是随着pH的增加而增加;沟渠沉积物对总溶解性磷(TDP)的吸附量随着pH的增加而增加,TP的截留率在5 d前随pH的增加而增加,但在此后基本不发生变化;在不同的pH下,通过影响微生物的活动直接或间接影响氮的界面交换行为,同时pH通过影响沉积物的吸附作用和离子交换作用来影响磷在沉积物-水界面的交换行为.阐明pH对沟渠沉积物氮、磷截留效应的影响有助于掌握氮、磷在农田排水沟渠中的迁移转化机理,从而对控制农业面源污染具有重要的意义.     

MBBR与A/O法对污水中有机物及氮处理效果的研究

实验在不同水力停留时间（HRT）、进水COD浓度和不同COD容积负荷条件下考察了移动床生物膜反应器（MBBR）和活性污泥A/O工艺对污水中有机物及氮的处理效果。结果表明,MBBR工艺去除有机物和脱氮效果均优于A/O工艺。在进水COD和NH₃－N浓度分别为1000和25 mg/L,HRT为8 h时,MBBR的COD和TN去除率分别为92％和94％,而A/O工艺分别为78％和82％。造成这种结果的原因是MBBR的生物活性高,并且在生物膜内发生了同时硝化反硝化。MBBR脱氮能力受COD冲击明显小于A/O,但在较低进水COD浓度下,两者TN去除率均较低。     

渗滤液回灌对填埋垃圾含水率的影响研究

文章通过模拟实验研究了不同的渗滤液回灌频率、回灌量和回灌速率对压实密度不同的垃圾的含水率的影响。研究表明,由于通道流的存在和影响,渗滤液的产生时间提前于填埋垃圾达到其有效贮水率的时间;渗滤液回灌频率越高、回灌量越大、回灌速率越慢、垃圾体温度越低、垃圾压实密度越高,则填埋垃圾的有效贮水率越大、含水率越高。在实施渗滤液回灌操作时,须综合考虑滤液回灌频率、回灌量、回灌速率、垃圾温度和垃圾压实密度等影响因素。     

射流曝气周期活性污泥法脱氮除磷研究

针对零星居民点的污水处理,开发了射流曝气周期活性污泥法工艺.它是一种连续进水、周期性间歇曝气的改良型SBR工艺,也是一种时间程序和空间程序相结合的污水处理工艺,具有良好的脱氮除磷效果.试验表明,在水力负荷4 m3/d,曝气周期为每2 h曝气15 min、静置105 min的条件下,出水COD为48.8～53.5 mg/L,去除率达79.4%～80.5%;出水TN为2.81～3.98 mg/L,去除率达82.4%～89.4%;出水NH3-N为0.36～0.78 mg/L,去除率高达96.4%～98.4%;出水TP为0.63～1.18 mg/L,去除率为67.2%～78.9%,均可达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918-2002)中的一级B排放标准.     

施用不同磷肥对植烟土壤中磷的淋失和有效磷的影响

采用土柱淋溶模拟试验和室内培养试验,研究不同磷肥施入土壤后磷的淋失和有效磷的变化.结果表明,在施磷量为35 mg/kg条件下,整个淋洗期间,钙镁磷肥、磷酸二氢钙、磷酸一氧铵、磷酸二氢铵、磷酸二氢钾5种肥料磷的淋失率很低;各处理从上而下各层土壤的Olsen-P质量比略有增加.施磷量为60 mg/kg、110 mg/kg、170mg/kg、230 mg/kg时.潮砂田肥料磷的淋失率分别为0.26%、0.74%、2.12%和3.17%;灰泥田肥料磷的淋失率分别为0.79%、1.31%、1.60%和1.94%.钙镁磷肥施人各种土壤后,随着培养时间的延长,土壤有效磷质量比逐渐增加,80 d后达到峰值并趋于稳定;磷酸二氢钾、磷酸二氧铵、磷酸一氢铵和磷酸二氢钙施人上壤后,土壤有效磷质量比逐渐降低,至培育60 d后.变化趋于平缓.不同土壤类型对磷的吸附固定率从大到小为潮砂田、灰泥田.     

Effects of long-term amendment of organic manure and nitrogen fertilizer on nitrous oxide emission in a sandy loam soil

To understand the effects of long-term amendment of organic manure and N fertilizer on N2O emission in the North China Plain, a laboratory incubation at different temperatures and soil moistures were carried out using soils treated with organic manure （OM）, half organic manure plus half fertilizer N （HOM）, fertilizer NPK （NPK）, fertilizer NP （NP）, fertilizer NK （NK）, fertilizer PK （NK） and control （CK） since 1989. Cumulative N2O emission in OM soil during the 17 d incubation period was slightly higher than in NPK soil under optimum nitrification conditions （25℃ and 60% water-filled pore space, WFPS）, but more than twice under the optimum denitrification conditions （35℃ and 90% WFPS）. N2O produced by denitrification was 2.1-2.3 times greater than that by nitrification in OM and HOM soils, but only 1.5 times greater in NPK and NP soils. These results implied that the long-term amendment of organic manure could significantly increase the N2O emission via denitrification in OM soil as compared to NPK soil. This is quite different from field measurement between OM soil and NPK soil. Substantial inhibition of the formation of anaerobic environment for denitrification in field might result in no marked difference in N2O emission between OM and NPK soils. This is due in part to more rapid oxygen diffusion in coarse textured soils than consumption by aerobic microbes until WFPS was 75% and to low easily decomposed organic C of organic manure. This finding suggested that addition of organic manure in the tested sandy loam might be a good management option since it seldom caused a burst of N2O emission but sequestered atmospheric C and maintained efficiently applied N in soil.     

Denitrification potential enhancement by addition of external carbon sources in a pre-denitrification process

The aim of this study is to investigate the denitrification potential enhancement by addition of external carbon sources and to estimate the denitrification potential for the predenitrification system using nitrate utilization rate （NUR） batch tests. It is shown that the denitrification potential can be substantially increased with the addition of three external carbon sources, i.e. methanol, ethanol, and acetate, and the denitrification rates of ethanol, acetate, and methanol reached up to 9.6, 12, and 3.2 mgN/（g VSS.h）, respectively, while that of starch wastewater was only 0.74 mgN/（g VSS,h）. By comparison, ethanol was found to be the best external carbon source. NUR batch tests with starch wastewater and waste ethanol were carried out. The denitfification potential increased from 5.6 to 16.5 mg NO3-N/L owing to waste ethanol addition. By means of NUR tests, the wastewater characteristics and kinetic parameters can be estimated, which are used to determine the denitrification potential of wastewater, to calculate the denitrification potential of the plant and to predict the nitrate effluent quality, as well as provide information for developing carbon dosage control strategy.     

Organic matter and concentrated nitrogen removal by shortcut nitrification and denitrification from mature municipal landfill leachate

An UASB＋Anoxic/Oxic （A/O） system was introduced to treat a mature landfill leachate with low carbon-to-nitrogen ratio and high ammonia concentration. To make the best use of the biodegradable COD in the leaehate, the denitrifieation of NOx^--N in the reeireulation effluent from the elarifier was carried out in the UASB. The results showed that most biodegradable organic matters were removed by the denitrifieation in the UASB. The NH4^＋-N loading rate （ALR） of A/O reactor and operational temperature was 0.28- 0.60 kg NH4^＋-N/（m^3-d） and 17-29℃ during experimental period, respectively. The short-cut nitrification with nitrite accumulation efficiency of 90%-99% was stabilized during the whole experiment. The NH4^＋-N removal efficiency varied between 90% and 100%. When ALR was less than 0.45 kg NH4^＋-N/（m^3.d）, the NH4^＋-N removal efficiency was more than 98%. With the influent NH4^＋-N of 1200-1800 mg/L, the effluent NH4^＋-N was less than 15 mg/L. The shortcut nitrification and denitrifieation can save 40% carbon source, with a highly efficient denitrifieation taking place in the UASB. When the ratio of the feed COD to feed NH4^＋-N was only 2-3, the total inorganic nitrogen （TIN） removal efficiency attained 67%-80%. Besides, the sludge samples from A/O reactor were analyzed using FISH. The FISH analysis revealed that ammonia oxidation bacteria （AOB） accounted for 4% of the total eubaeterial population, whereas nitrite oxidation bacteria （NOB） accounted only for 0.2% of the total eubaeterial population.